虛構的歷史，捏造的力量

虛構的歷史，捏造的力量

Invented History, Fabricated Power

Barry Wood

虛構的歷史，虛構的力量》(Invented History, Fabricated Power) 一書首先檢視了史前的信仰（神靈、靈魂、mana、orenda），這些信仰透過部落民族的儀式和薩滿教提供了個人的解釋和力量。 在此基礎上，精神力量演變成各種國王和帝王（蘇美爾人、埃及人、希臘人、羅馬人、印度人、中國人和日本人）的神聖認證。 隨著王權擴張為帝國，虛構的歷史和長達數千年的家譜得以發展，描繪出帝國的優越和偉大。 超自然事件和神跡被附加到宗教創始人（希伯來教、印度教、佛教、基督教、伊斯蘭教）身上。 羅馬教會發展出一種獨特的變體，在西元前一千年透過偽造篡改教皇的權力，而後來的「發現論」則授權歐洲人在探險時代統治和征服全世界。 波斯人、埃塞俄比亞人、法蘭克人、英國人、葡萄牙人和易洛魁印第安人繼續用史詩般的歷史和文學循環來精心編造。 馬克思主義者和納粹都創造了教條式的文本，這些文本表面上是經濟或政治的解釋，但實際上是自我誇大的敘述，最終都崩潰了。 本書以目前自由民主生活方式的理想化目標作為結尾，指出其作為一種持續性敘述的局限性，以及威脅其長期可行性的眾多問題。

Invented History, Fabricated Power begins with an examination of prehistoric beliefs (in spirits, souls, mana, orenda) that provided personal explanation and power through ritual and shamanism among tribal peoples. On this foundation, spiritual power evolved into various kinds of divine sanction for kings and emperors (Sumerian, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Indian, Chinese and Japanese). As kingships expanded into empires, fictional histories and millennia-long genealogies developed that portrayed imperial superiority and greatness. Supernatural events and miracles were attached to religious founders (Hebrew, Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, Islamic). A unique variation developed in the Roman Church which fabricated papal power through forgeries in the first millennium CE and the later “doctrine of discovery” which authorized European domination and conquest around the world during the Age of Exploration. Elaborate fabrications continued with epic histories and literary cycles from the Persians, Ethiopians, Franks, British, Portuguese, and Iroquois Indians. Both Marxists and Nazis created doctrinal texts which passed for economic or political explanations but were in fact self-aggrandizing narratives that eventually collapsed. The book ends with the idealistic goals of the current liberal democratic way of life, pointing to its limitations as a sustaining narrative, along with numerous problems threatening its viability over the long term. 

縮寫清單

簡介

序幕： 權力的史前史：靈魂、精神、神祇

第一部分 國王與皇帝

1 美索不達米亞的神聖王權

2 不滅人類中的法老

3 希伯來人的王權

4 羅馬皇帝的神化

5 印度和東南亞的天神-羅賈 (Deva-Rajas)

6 中國的天命

7 日本的皇室崇拜

第二部分 公元前的帝國

8 傳說中的蘇美人帝國

9 前古典希臘的傳奇帝國

10 始祖、出埃及和以色列史詩

11 古印度的傳奇帝國

12 傳說中的羅馬建國

第三部分 創始者

13 摩西： 以色列的律法者

14 佛陀和以前佛陀的傳說

15 救世主傳說

16 穆罕默德、《古蘭經》和伊斯蘭教

謊言

虛構的歷史、捏造的力量

17 幾世紀以來的聖母瑪利亞

18 托南津與瓜達盧佩聖母

第四部分 公元時代的帝國

19 神聖羅馬帝國的敘事發明

20 王者史詩、亞歷山大大帝和馬六甲蘇丹

21 法蘭克人、查理曼大帝和詩歌

22 亞瑟王的傳奇王國

23 埃塞俄比亞國王與約櫃

24 處女皇的傳說

第五部分 意識形態

25 發現： 歐洲的權力敘述

26 葡萄牙海運帝國的史詩

27 德卡納維達與易洛魁聯盟

28 清教徒的新英格蘭迦南地

29 馬克思主義的無階級社會

30 阿道夫‧希特勒： 雅利安人與猶太人的敘述

後記： 敘事的衝突

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

Prologue: The Prehistory of Power: Souls Spirits, Deities

Part One Kings and Emperors

1 Divine Kingship in Mesopotamia

2 Pharaohs among the Indestructibles

3 Kingship among the Hebrews

4 The Deification of Roman Emperors

5 The Deva-Rajas in India and Southeast Asia

6 The Chinese Mandate from Heaven

7 The Japanese Imperial Cult

Part Two Empires before the Common Era

8 The Legendary Empire of the Sumerians

9 Legendary Empires of Preclassical Greece

10 Patriarchs, Exodus, and the Epic of Israel

11 Legendary Empires of Ancient India

12 The Legendary Founding of Rome

Part Three Founders

13 Moses: The Israelite Lawgiver

14 Buddha and Legends of Previous Buddhas

15 The Savior Narratives

16 Muhammad, the Qur'an, and Islam

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INVENTED HISTORY, FABRICATED POWER

17 The Virgin Mary through the Centuries

18 Tonantzin and Our Lady of Guadalupe

Part Four Empires of the Common Era

19 Narrative Inventions of the Holy Roman Empire

20 The Epic of Kings, Alexander the Great, and the Malacca Sultinate

21 The Franks, Charlemagne, and the Chansons de Geste

22 The Legendary Kingdom of King Arthur

23 Ethiopian Kings and the Ark of the Covenant

24 Narratives of the Virgin Queen

Part Five Ideologies

25 Discovery: The European Narrative of Power

26 Epics of the Portuguese Seaborne Empire

27 Dekanawida and the Iroquois League

28 The New England Canaan of the Puritans

29 The Marxist Classless Society

30 Adolph Hitler: Narratives of Aryans and Jews

Epilogue: A Clash of Narratives