海地革命常被譽為歷史上第一次成功的反奴隸制革命——杜桑·盧維杜爾、讓-雅克·德薩林和亨利·克里斯托夫等人都是這一遺產的最前沿——也是真正推動廢奴運動的事件。這兩種說法都有點誤導，這取決於我們如何定義「成功」和「真正」這兩個詞。
1793 年 6 月在法蘭西角爆發的暴力事件 — — 傳統上被視為革命的轉折點 — — 不是由奴隸引發的，而是由法國革命水手引發的（波普金，第 20 頁）。維護奴隸製而戰（波普金，第 8 頁）。
南美洲一場著名的奴隸起義催生了一個名為基隆博德帕爾馬雷斯的殖民地，它持續了令人難以置信的89 年（1605-1694 年）——幾乎是海地歷史長度的一半，比第第二次世界大戰之間的時間還要長從現在開始。幾個世代在這個社會中成長，到 1690 年(Geni)人數達到頂峰，達到 11,000 人。
美國早期的廢奴運動比大多數人想像的更為廣泛。詹姆斯·奧格爾索普（James Oglethorpe）——後來成為喬治亞州的創始人——於 1735 年廢除了奴隸制，隨後他的繼任者出於經濟原因於 1750 年恢復了奴隸制（伍德）。美國獨立戰爭結束後，有五個州在 1784 年之前終止了這種做法：賓州、新罕布夏州、麻薩諸塞州、康乃狄克州和羅德島州。同年，湯瑪斯‧傑佛遜提出了一項關於奴隸制未來合法性的法令（梅克爾）。亞伯拉罕·林肯（Abraham Lincoln）——他於 1862 年承認了海地——後來評論說，這將確定奴隸制“最終走向滅絕”的方向（布羅迪，第 231 頁）。當同為廢奴主義者的約翰·比蒂身患重病而無法投票時，該黨以一票之差落敗——這一法律結果令傑斐遜非常沮喪。
英國關於跨大西洋奴隸貿易的倫理辯論在1789 年之前一直處於激烈的政治談判之中，直到國王喬治三世於1807 年3 月25 日正式宣布跨大西洋奴隸貿易為非法——這一時期早於1791 年海地革命爆發，並持續到其獨立後1804 年。（格林威治皇家博物館）
拿破崙·波拿巴曾依靠海地為其在歐洲的大軍提供資金，並有可能在美洲重建法蘭西帝國。他最有價值的海外殖民地的毀滅使法國無法獲得其急需的戰時資源。更重要的是，在財政部長弗朗索瓦·德·巴爾布-馬布瓦對聖多明哥被摧毀土地的價值表示懷疑之後，它影響了拿破崙決定結束他的海外帝國夢想，並將路易斯安那提供給美國人。（蒙蒂塞洛）
購買路易斯安那不僅標誌著法國在新世界的最後篇章之一，還將美國的領土面積從 1803 年初的 891,364 平方英里增加到同年年底的 1,722,685 平方英里，翻了一番。（人口普查）這種土地交換削弱了法國的經濟，同時打開了美國通往超級大國地位的道路。
同時，飽受戰爭蹂躪的海地爆發了大規模難民危機，數以萬計的歐洲法國定居者分別前往費城和紐奧良等遠北和南遠的城市。僅後一個城市就在一代人的時間內徹底改變了它的人口結構和文化，從 1791 年開始，它迎來了 10,000-15,000 名法國海地人，當時人口為 4,816 人（拉昌斯），到1810 年，該州人口幾乎翻了兩番，達到17,242 人（人口普查）：這一增長主要是由海地難民在即將併入美國的土地上開始新生活推動的。現代路易斯安那州現在擁有大量講法語的人口，他們的祖先引進了包括狂歡節在內的許多傳統，並使其在英語世界中廣為人知。
曾經是西半球最富裕的殖民地，如今變成了最貧窮的國家。法國徵收了一筆費用以換取獨立——按通貨膨脹調整後支付 20-300 億美元，該島國直到 1947 年才完成支付。，現代海地仍然生存了足夠長的時間來見證地緣政治世界的變化——部分原因是海地革命的長期影響。那裡的地緣政治世界發生了巨大的變化，部分原因是她自己的早期歷史。
這場革命對改變美國政治、經濟和文化版圖的間接作用是一項比美國獨立戰爭更偉大的歷史成就，因為它加速了歐洲列強從西半球的撤出，使這些前美國國家變成了一個獨立的國家。
這本身就非常了不起。
參考
布羅迪，小鹿 (1974)托馬斯傑斐遜：一段親密的歷史
Gauthier, Jason (2023) 2023 年 4 月：美國人口普查局歷史：1803 年購買路易斯安那州，人口普查
Lachance, Paul (1989)革命時代的新奧爾良：人口概況，渥太華大學
Merkel, William (2008)傑佛遜 1784 年失敗的反奴隸制條款與自由土壤憲政主義的誕生, 學術
傑瑞米波普金 (2010)你們都是自由的：海地革命與廢除奴隸制
格雷格·羅薩爾斯基 (2021) “歷史上最偉大的搶劫”：海地如何被迫為自由支付賠償金，NPR
喬治亞殖民地的木材、貝蒂與奴隸制，新喬治亞百科全書
英國的奴隸貿易是如何結束的，格林威治皇家博物館
購買路易斯安那州如何改變美國歷史，蒙蒂塞洛
人口普查
巴西帕爾馬雷斯共和國,傑尼
What were the main consequences of the Haitian Revolution of 1791 to 1804?
The Haitian Revolution is often hailed as the first successful anti-slavery revolution in history – with names such as Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, and Henri Christophe at the forefront of this legacy – and also the event that truly moved the abolitionist movement in the United States. Both of these statements are slightly misleading, depending on how we define the words “successful” and “truly”.
The outburst of violence at Cap Francais in June 1793 – traditionally marked as a turning point in the revolution – was not triggered by the slaves, but by French Revolutionary sailors (Popkin, Page 20) Black people who did participate in the earliest stages were more likely to be fighting to preserve slavery (Popkin, Page 8).
A notable slave revolt in South America gave birth to a colony known as Quilombo de Palmares, which lasted for an incredible 89 years (1605-1694) – almost half the length of Haiti’s history, and longer than the time that separates the Second World War from the present. Several generations grew up within this society, which peaked at 11,000 by 1690 (Geni).
The abolitionist movement in early America was more widespread than most people appreciate. James Oglethorpe – the founder of what would become the State of Georgia – abolished slavery in 1735 before his successors reinstated it in 1750 on economic grounds (Wood). Following the end of the American War of Independence, five states ended the practice before 1784: Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. That same year, Thomas Jefferson forwarded an ordinance on the future legality of slavery (Merkel). Abraham Lincoln – who would recognise Haiti in 1862 – later remarked that this would have set the direction of slavery “in the ultimate course of extinction” (Brodie, Page 231). It was defeated by a single vote when fellow abolitionist John Beatty fell violently ill, and was therefore unable to cast his ballot – a legal outcome that was much to Jefferson’s dismay.
England’s debate on the ethics of the transatlantic slave trade had been under intense political negotiations no later 1789 before King George III officially outlawed it on March 25, 1807 – a period that preceded the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution in 1791, and outlasted its indepence in 1804. (Royal Museums Greenwich)
Napoleon Bonaparte had relied on Haiti to fund his Grande Armee in Europe, and the possibility of reestablishing the French Empire in the Americas. The destruction of his most valuable overseas colony denied France of its much needed wartime resources. More importantly, it influenced Napoleon’s decision to end his dreams of an overseas empire and offer Louisiana to the Americans after Finance Minister Francois de Barbe-Marbois cast doubts on the value of land following the destruction of Saint Domingue. (Monticello)
The Louisiana Purchase not only spelled one of France’s final chapters in the New World, it doubled the size of the United States from 891,364 square miles of territory at the beginning of 1803, to 1,722,685 square miles by the end of that same year. (Census) This exchange of land crippled France’s economy, while simultaneously opening America’s pathway to superpower status.
Meanwhile, a large-scale refugee crisis from war-torn Haiti sent tens of thousands of European French settlers to cities as far north and south as Philadelphia and New Orleans respectively. The latter city alone had its demographics and culture completely altered within a single generation when it welcomed 10,000-15,000 French Haitians starting in 1791 – when its population was 4,816 (Lachance) – and nearly quadrupling the state’s population to 17,242 by 1810 (Census): a growth primarily driven by Haitian refugees starting a new life on land that was to be incorporated into the United States. The modern State of Louisiana now has a large French-speaking population, whose ancestors imported many of their traditions, including Mardi Gras, and made it widely known to the English-speaking world.
What was once the wealthiest colony in the Western Hemisphere has since become the poorest nation. France had imposed a fee in exchange for independence – a payment of $20-30 billion when adjusted for inflation, which the island country only finished paying in 1947. (Rosalsky) Despite numerous internal and external generational setbacks, modern Haiti has survived long enough to witness the alteration of the geopolitical world – in part because of the long-term effects of the Haitian Revolution. where the geopolitical world has been greatly altered, in part because of her own early history.
The revolution’s indirect role in changing America’s political, economic, and cultural landscape is an even greater historical achievement than the American War of Independence, due to the significance of hastening the exit of the European powers from the Western Hemisphere, which turned one of these former colonies into a world power – the United States of America.
That in itself is nothing short of remarkable.
REFERENCES
Brodie, Fawn (1974) Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History
Gauthier, Jason (2023) April 2023: U.S. Census Bureau History: The 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Census
Lachance, Paul (1989) NEW ORLEANS IN THE ERA OF REVOLUTION: A DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE, University of Ottawa
Merkel, William (2008) Jefferson’s Failed Anti-Slavery Proviso of 1784 and the Nascence of Free Soil Constitutionalism, Scholarship
Popkin, Jeremy (2010) You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery
Rosalsky, Greg (2021) ‘The Greatest Heist In History’: How Haiti Was Forced To Pay Reparations For Freedom, NPR
Wood, Betty, n.d. Slavery in Colonial Georgia, New Georgia Encyclopedia
n.d. How did the slave trade end in Britain, Royal Museums Greenwich
n.d. How the Louisiana Purchase Changed American History, Monticello
n.d. Population, Census
n.d. Palmares Republic in Brazil, Geni
The Haitian Revolution is often hailed as the first successful anti-slavery revolution in history – with names such as Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, and Henri Christophe at the forefront of this legacy – and also the event that truly moved the abolitionist movement in the United States. Both of these statements are slightly misleading, depending on how we define the words “successful” and “truly”.
The outburst of violence at Cap Francais in June 1793 – traditionally marked as a turning point in the revolution – was not triggered by the slaves, but by French Revolutionary sailors (Popkin, Page 20) Black people who did participate in the earliest stages were more likely to be fighting to preserve slavery (Popkin, Page 8).
A notable slave revolt in South America gave birth to a colony known as Quilombo de Palmares, which lasted for an incredible 89 years (1605-1694) – almost half the length of Haiti’s history, and longer than the time that separates the Second World War from the present. Several generations grew up within this society, which peaked at 11,000 by 1690 (Geni).
The abolitionist movement in early America was more widespread than most people appreciate. James Oglethorpe – the founder of what would become the State of Georgia – abolished slavery in 1735 before his successors reinstated it in 1750 on economic grounds (Wood). Following the end of the American War of Independence, five states ended the practice before 1784: Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. That same year, Thomas Jefferson forwarded an ordinance on the future legality of slavery (Merkel). Abraham Lincoln – who would recognise Haiti in 1862 – later remarked that this would have set the direction of slavery “in the ultimate course of extinction” (Brodie, Page 231). It was defeated by a single vote when fellow abolitionist John Beatty fell violently ill, and was therefore unable to cast his ballot – a legal outcome that was much to Jefferson’s dismay.
England’s debate on the ethics of the transatlantic slave trade had been under intense political negotiations no later 1789 before King George III officially outlawed it on March 25, 1807 – a period that preceded the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution in 1791, and outlasted its indepence in 1804. (Royal Museums Greenwich)
Napoleon Bonaparte had relied on Haiti to fund his Grande Armee in Europe, and the possibility of reestablishing the French Empire in the Americas. The destruction of his most valuable overseas colony denied France of its much needed wartime resources. More importantly, it influenced Napoleon’s decision to end his dreams of an overseas empire and offer Louisiana to the Americans after Finance Minister Francois de Barbe-Marbois cast doubts on the value of land following the destruction of Saint Domingue. (Monticello)
The Louisiana Purchase not only spelled one of France’s final chapters in the New World, it doubled the size of the United States from 891,364 square miles of territory at the beginning of 1803, to 1,722,685 square miles by the end of that same year. (Census) This exchange of land crippled France’s economy, while simultaneously opening America’s pathway to superpower status.
Meanwhile, a large-scale refugee crisis from war-torn Haiti sent tens of thousands of European French settlers to cities as far north and south as Philadelphia and New Orleans respectively. The latter city alone had its demographics and culture completely altered within a single generation when it welcomed 10,000-15,000 French Haitians starting in 1791 – when its population was 4,816 (Lachance) – and nearly quadrupling the state’s population to 17,242 by 1810 (Census): a growth primarily driven by Haitian refugees starting a new life on land that was to be incorporated into the United States. The modern State of Louisiana now has a large French-speaking population, whose ancestors imported many of their traditions, including Mardi Gras, and made it widely known to the English-speaking world.
What was once the wealthiest colony in the Western Hemisphere has since become the poorest nation. France had imposed a fee in exchange for independence – a payment of $20-30 billion when adjusted for inflation, which the island country only finished paying in 1947. (Rosalsky) Despite numerous internal and external generational setbacks, modern Haiti has survived long enough to witness the alteration of the geopolitical world – in part because of the long-term effects of the Haitian Revolution. where the geopolitical world has been greatly altered, in part because of her own early history.
The revolution’s indirect role in changing America’s political, economic, and cultural landscape is an even greater historical achievement than the American War of Independence, due to the significance of hastening the exit of the European powers from the Western Hemisphere, which turned one of these former colonies into a world power – the United States of America.
That in itself is nothing short of remarkable.
REFERENCES
Brodie, Fawn (1974) Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History
Gauthier, Jason (2023) April 2023: U.S. Census Bureau History: The 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Census
Lachance, Paul (1989) NEW ORLEANS IN THE ERA OF REVOLUTION: A DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE, University of Ottawa
Merkel, William (2008) Jefferson’s Failed Anti-Slavery Proviso of 1784 and the Nascence of Free Soil Constitutionalism, Scholarship
Popkin, Jeremy (2010) You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery
Rosalsky, Greg (2021) ‘The Greatest Heist In History’: How Haiti Was Forced To Pay Reparations For Freedom, NPR
Wood, Betty, n.d. Slavery in Colonial Georgia, New Georgia Encyclopedia
n.d. How did the slave trade end in Britain, Royal Museums Greenwich
n.d. How the Louisiana Purchase Changed American History, Monticello
n.d. Population, Census
n.d. Palmares Republic in Brazil, Geni
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1 of 3 answers
Very good answer Mr. Frigault. I would like to add that the Quilombo dos Palmares are made by fugitive slaves and freed ones, and they also have slaves.
Thank you very much, Antonio!
Glad you appreciated it!
😀
And this is why I don't feel bad for what the Germans did to the French.
I can still feel bad for them on a humanistic level, just as I feel bad for the Russians dying in Ukraine at this moment.
By the way, if you want to research an even more ironic comparison, read up on the Set if and Guelma Massacres — an act of Colonial Repression that was started by the French on VE-Day (May 8, 1945) of all days.
Haiti had an impact on South America. They gave aid to Simon Bolivar, who would go on to liberate Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
