皇家与帝国的联系： 日本对曼谷宫廷和暹罗/泰国君主制的影响
大卫-马利兹*（David M. MALITZ
本文研究日本对暹罗王国（1939 年更名为泰国）的文化和政治影响。 在十六世纪末和十七世纪初的早期交流中，东南亚王国消费日本产品作为身份的象征。 日本刀尤其受到珍视，自此成为王朝的传家宝。 从十九世纪末开始，日本帝国被视为曼谷现代化成功的典范，宫廷也聘请日本顾问和教官。 与此同时，绝对君主制的批评者强调，大日本帝国已成为君主立宪制的大国。
关键词 暹罗、泰国、朱拉隆功国王、现代君主制、明治宪法
引言
作为礼仪制度，君主制是各种习俗、象征和信仰的镶嵌画。 随着时间的推移，制度中的个别元素不断被替换、重塑或添加，在瞬息万变的世界中，这些表面上的连续性象征在仔细观察后会发现自己是相当动态的制度。 19 世纪是全球重塑君主制的一个特别活跃的阶段。 君主政体面临着被现代政治和经济革命席卷的危险，在民族国家、议会制政府和资本至上的世界中，君主政体被重塑为新社会秩序的稳定灯塔。 这发生在一个真正的跨国环境中，新的国家实践和象征迅速跨国传播，创造出国际公认的现代王室国家君主制。 这一过程并不局限于欧洲，其他国家的君主也自由借鉴欧洲的做法、习惯和思想，将自己同时展现为与王室同僚平等的人和臣民的上司。 他们意在比以往任何时候都更接近欧洲皇室，同时对各自国家的受众保持独特的真实感，尽管后者涉及相当程度的发明和重新诠释。 Takashi Fujitani 和 Maurizio Peleggi 分别在他们的开创性研究中为现代日本君主制和暹罗君主制展示了这一点。 2
众所周知，在 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初的殖民地和半殖民地世界，明治日本成为了一种激励和榜样。 反殖民主义民族主义者和政治改革者通过出版物以及访问日本或在日本接受教育来研究东亚帝国。 明治末期，日本通过重新谈判与殖民国家签订的不平等条约，获得了完全的主权。
1902 年签订的英日同盟进一步表明，日本已成为公认的军事大国。 通过在甲午战争和日俄战争后分别取得台湾和朝鲜，日本自身也成为了殖民大国。 日本典范之所以如此吸引人，是因为日本崛起为大国的事实无可否认地证明，进步和力量并不局限于 "白人 "和基督教西方。 但日本的榜样也证明，自治和宪政在欧洲和北美之外也是可能的。 明治维新后建立的现代日本君主制本身也成为了榜样，这一点却鲜有人提及，本文将以暹罗为例加以说明。 日本帝国有选择地借鉴欧洲的经验，在不失其明显民族本色的情况下实现现代化，这在整体上取得了成功。 与此同时，日本的天皇制被视为日本社会进步的关键力量。 天皇制成功地将国家和民族联系在一起，从而能够收获和引导人民的集体力量，以追求 "进步 "和军事胜利。 本文追溯了日本自 16 世纪以来对曼谷宫廷和现代暹罗君主国（1939 年更名为泰国）的影响，并探讨了日本对东南亚王国的持久影响。
Royal and Imperial Connections: Japanese Influence at the Court of Bangkok and on the Siamese/Thai Monarchy
David M. MALITZ*
This article investigates Japanese cultural and political influence in the Kingdom of Siam, renamed Thailand in 1939. Early exchanges in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries saw the consumption of Japanese products in the Southeast Asian kingdom as status symbols. Japanese swords in particular were cherished and have become dynastic heirlooms since then. From the late nineteenth century onward, Imperial Japan was seen as a role model of successful modernization in Bangkok and Japanese advisors and instructors were hired by the court. Critics of the absolute monarchy meanwhile stressed that Imperial Japan had become a great power as a constitutional monarchy.
Keywords: Siam, Thailand, King Chulalongkorn, modern monarchy, Meiji Constitution
Introduction
As ritual institutions, monarchies are mosaics of diverse practices, symbols, and beliefs. As individ- ual elements of the institution are continuously replaced, remade, or added over time, the apparent symbols of continuity in an ever-changing world reveal themselves to be rather dynamic institu- tions upon closer inspection. The nineteenth century was one especially active phase of reinventing monarchies around the globe. At risk of being swept away by the modern political and economic revolutions, monarchies were recast to serve as beacons of stability for new social orders in a world of nation-states, parliamentarian governments, and the primacy of capital. This occurred in a truly transnational setting, in which new national practices and symbols were rapidly diffused across borders, creating internationally recognizable modern monarchies of royal nations. This process was not limited to Europe, as other monarchs borrowed freely from European practices, habits, and ideas to present themselves simultaneously as equals of their royal peers and betters of their subjects. They meant to become much more similar to European royalty than ever before while remaining distinctively authentic to their respective national audiences, even though the latter involved a considerable degree of invention and reinterpretation. Takashi Fujitani and Maurizio Peleggi have shown this for the modern Japanese and Siamese monarchies respectively in their seminal studies. 2
It is well known that in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries across the colonial and semi-colonial world, Meiji Japan became an inspiration and role model. Anticolonial nationalists and political reformers studied the East Asian Empire through publications as well as by visiting Japan or acquiring an education there. By the end of the Meiji period, Japan had gained full sovereignty through the renegotiation of the unequal treaties signed with the colonial powers.
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance signed in 1902 further demonstrated that Japan had become recognized as a great military power. And through the acquisition of Taiwan and Korea after the First Sino-Japanese and the Russo-Japanese War respectively, Japan had become a colonial power in its own right. What made the Japanese exemplar so attractive was that Japan's ascent to a great power had undeniably proven that progress and power were not limited to the "White" and Christian West. But the Japanese exemplar also demonstrated that self-government and constitutionalism were possible outside Europe and North America. What has received much less recognition is that the modern Japanese monarchy created after the Meiji Restoration became a role model in its own right, as will be shown here for the case of Siam. It exemplified the overall success of Imperial Japan to borrow selectively from Europe to become modern without losing its apparent national authenticity. At the same time, the imperial institution of Japan was seen as a crucial force behind Japanese social progress. By successfully tying together state and nation, it allowed for the harvesting and channeling of the people's collective energies for the pursuit of "progress" and military victories. This article traces the Japanese influence at the court of Bangkok and on the modern monarchy of Siam, renamed Thailand in 1939, from the sixteenth century onward, and examines its lasting influence in the Southeast Asian kingdom.
