SOURCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

資料來源及精選書目

#113. Majmu'a (collection). The second manuscript in the collection is "The Voyage of the Scholar Sid Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah aş-Şaffar to France as Secretary to the Ambassador al-Hajj "Abd al-Qadir Ash'ash of Tetuan."

#12419. Taqyid fi tarjamat al-wazir aş-Şaffär. ("Anonymous Taqyid") Aş-Şaffar's biography, author unknown, no date.

b. Direction des Archives Royales (DAR) Documents relating to the Embassy of Ash'ash: Record numbers 10794, 10795, 17542, 17560-83.

c. Bibliothèque Générale (BGR)

#K2276. Al-husam al-Mashrafi li-qat lisän as-säb al-ajrafi, an-natiq bikhurafat al-ja süs, shay' az-zann Akansūs, by al-'Arabi al-Mashrafi.

2. Tetuan

a. Bibliothèque Générale

"Umdat ar-räwin fi tarikh Tittawin, by Ahmad ar-Ruhhūnī. In 9 vols. The biography of Muhammad aş-Şaffär is in 6:523-33.

b. Aş-Şaffar Family Archives: manuscripts, documents, poetry, family tree; also books that belonged to Muhammad aş-Şaffär, and his will

B. France

1. Paris

a. Archives du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères (AAE)

Maroc: Correspondance politique (CPM)

Volumes 14-16: June 1845-June 1846.

Maroc: Mémoires et documents (MDM)

Volume 4: "Ambassade de Bin Achache," pp. 122-66.

Volume 9: "Correspondance entre le Ministre et les agens de la France au Maroc," pp. 332-430.

Maroc: Correspondance consulaire et commerciale (CCC)

Volume 32: 1843-48.

Dossiers personnels: Roches, Beaumier, de Chasteau, Desgranges

b. Archives Nationales (AN)

Archives du Ministère de la Marine (MM)

BB2/288 Ports 1845.

BB2/291 Ports 1846.

BB3/629 Toulon 1845.

BB3/635 Toulon 1846.

BB4/642 Correspondance du Météore.

Recueil des lois de finance et autres lois de la session de 1844. Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1846. ADXIX/F-28/1844-46

c. Ministère de la Marine (MM)

Direction du personnel militaire et mouvements de la flotte, notes confidentielles, Dossier 390, Commandant Goeffroy

2. Nantes

a. Archives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (AAE) (Archives du Consulat-Général à Tanger)

Maroc: Affaires diverses (1845-52) (ADM), "Voyage de Sidi Aschasch, Pacha de Tetouan, 1845" (originally Tanger AGT Carton A 10/11 bis, "Ambassades marocaines en France")

3. Toulon

a. Archives du Port de Toulon (APT) Météore: Rôle d'équipage, 1845-46, 1C2754. Météore: Journaux de bord, 1846, 2C201.

II. PUBLISHED SOURCES IN ARABIC AND TRANSLATIONS FROM ARABIC INTO OTHER LANGUAGES

(*indicates a Moroccan Rihla(旅行))

'Abd ar-Razāq, Fawzi. Matbü'āt al-hajariya fil-Maghrib. Rabat, 1989.

Abu Hamid el Granadino y su relación de viaje por tierras eurasiáticas. Translated and edited by César Dubler. Madrid, 1953.

Afă, Umar. Mas alat an-nuqud fi tarikh al-Maghrib fi qarn at-tasi" "ashr: Süs 1822-1906. Casablanca, 1988.

Akansūs, Muhammad b. Ahmad. Al-jaysh al-'aramram al-humasi fi dawlat awlad mawlāna 'Alī as-Sijilmāsi. 2 vols. Fes, 1336/1918.

*al-'Amräwi, Idris b. al-Wazir b. Idris. Tuhfat al-malik al-'aziz bi-mamlakat Bārīz. Translated and edited by Zaki Mubarak. Rabat, 1989.

ad-Damiri, Kamal ad-Din. Hayat al-hayawan al-kubra. 2 vols. Cairo, 1306/ 1888-89.

Dawud, Muhammad. Tārīkh Titwan. 8 vols. Tetuan, 1959-79.

al-Fāsī, Muḥammad. "Ar-rahhäla al-maghariba wa-äthäruhum." Da'wat

al-haqq 2, 4 (January 1959): 22-25. "Ar-Rihla(旅行) as-safariya al-maghribiya." Al-Bayyina 1, 6 (October

1962): 11-24.

Gharrit, Muḥammad. Fawāşil al-jumán fi anba wuzarā wa-kuttab az-zaman. Fes, 1347/1928.

*al-Ghassani, Abū Abd Allah Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Wahab. Rihla(旅行)t al-

wazir fi iftikāk al-asir. In Spanish: El viaje del visir para la liberación de los

cautivos. Translated and edited by A. Bustani. Tangier, 1940. *al-Ghazzal, Ahmad b. al-Mahdi. Natijat al-ijtihad fil-muhädana wal-jihad.

Edited by Isma'il al-'Arabi. Beirut, 1980.

*al-Hajari al-Andalusi, Ahmad b. Qasim. Näşir ad-din 'ala al-qawm al-kāfirin. Edited by Muhammad Razüq. Casablanca, 1987.

Ibn Battūța: see The Travels of Ibn Battuta. Ibn Khaldūn. The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History. Translated and . 2nd ed. 3 vols. Princeton, 1967.

edited by Franz Rosenthal Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad. Kitab at-tabaqat al-kubrä. Edited by Eduard Sachau. 9 vols. Leiden, 1905-28.

Ibn Süda, 'Abd as-Salām. Dalil mu'arrikh al-Maghrib al-aqsā. 2 vols. Casablanca, 1960-65.

Ibn Zaydän, 'Abd ar-Rahman. Ithấf a lâm an-nās bi-jamāl akhbär hädirat

Miknās. 5 vols. Rabat, 1347-52/1929-33. Al-'izz waş-şawla fi ma'alim nuzum ad-dawla. 2 vols. Rabat, 1929-33.

*al-Kardūdi, Abū al-'Abbas Ahmad b. Muhammad. At-tuhfa as-saniya lilhadra al-hasaniya bil-mamlaka al-işbanyüliya. Edited by Abd al-Wahab Bin Manşür. Rabat, 1963.

al-Kattāni, Muhammad b. Ja'far. Salwat al-anfas wa-muhadathāt al-akyäs biman uqbir min al-'ulama' was-sulahā', 3 vols. Fes, 1316/1898.

al-Khattabī, Muhammad al-'Arabi. "Mushahadat diblūmāsī maghribi fi Fransă fi 'ahd al-Mawlay 'Abd ar-Rahman b. Hisham." Da'wat al-haqq

263 (March 1987): 19-29; 264 (April-May 1987): 36-48.

al-Manūnī, Muḥammad. Mazahir yaqzat al-Maghrib al-hadith, part 1. Rabat, 1973; 2nd ed., 2 vols., Casablanca, 1985.

Mas'ūdī (Maçoudi). Les prairies d'or. Translated by C. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille. 3 vols. Paris, 1864.

Mehmed Efendi. Le paradis des infidèles: Un ambassadeur ottoman en France

sous la Régence. Translated by Julien-Claude Galland. Edited by Gilles

Veinstein. Paris, 1981.

*al-Miknāsī, Muḥammad b. 'Uthman. Al-iksir fi fikāk al-asir. Edited by Muhammad al-Fasī. Rabat, 1965.

al-Murrākushi, al-'Abbās b. Ibrahim. Al-i'lam bi-man halla Murräkush waAghmat min al-a'lam. Edited by 'Abd al-Wahab Bin Manşür. 10 vols. Rabat, 1974-83.

an-Naşiri, Ahmad b. Khalid. "Chronique de la dynastie alaouite au Maroc." Translated by E. Fumey. AM 9 (1906): 1-399; 10 (1907): 1-424. 1956. Kitāb al-istiqşā li-akhbar duwal al-Maghrib al-aqsa. 9 vols. Casablanca,

Muhammad al-Qadiri's "Nashr al Mathani': The Chronicles. Edited and translated by Norman Cigar. London, 1981.

al-Qazwini, Zakariya b. Muhammad b. Mahmüd. Äthār al-bilad wa-akhbar al-i bad. Beirut, n.d.

*Sauvaire, Henri. Voyage en Espagne d'un ambassadeur marocain, 1690-1691. Paris, 1884.

at-Tahtawi, Rifa'a Rafi". "Kitab takhliş al-ibriz fi talkhiş Bārīz." In Ala'mal al-kāmila li-Rifa'a Rafi at-Tahtawi. Edited by Muhammad Amara. Part 2: As-siyāsa. wal-wataniya wat-tarbiya. Beirut, 1973.

L'or de Paris: Relation de voyage, 1826-1831. Edited and translated by Anouar Louca. Paris, 1988.

*at-Tamgrūti (Tamgrouti), Abū al-Hasan 'Ali. En-nafkhat el-miskiya fi-ssifarat et-tourkiya: Relation d'une ambassade marocaine en Turquie, 15891591. Translated by Henry de Castries. Paris, 1929.

*The Travels of Ibn Battuta. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb. 3 vols. The Hakluyt Society. Cambridge, 1958.

at-Tūnisi, Khayr ad-Din. The Surest Path: The Political Treatise of a Nineteenth-century Muslim Statesman. Translated and edited by Leon Carl Brown. Harvard Middle Eastern Monograph 16. Cambridge, Mass., 1967.

al-Watha'iq: Majmű at wathā'iqiya dawriya tuşaddiruha mudiriya al-watha'iq al-malakiya. Edited by 'Abd al-Wahab Bin Manşür. 7 vols. Rabat, 197689.

III. PUBLISHED SOURCES IN OTHER LANGUAGES

Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim. The Arab Rediscovery of Europe: A Study in Cultural Encounters. Princeton, 1963.

Aubin, Eugène (pseud. Léon Descos). Morocco of To-day. London, 1906. Ayache, Germain. "L'apparition de l'imprimerie au Maroc." Hespéris-Tamuda 5 (1964): 143-61.

"Aspects de la crise financière au Maroc après l'expédition espagnole de 1860." In Etudes d'histoire marocaine, pp. 97-138. 2nd edition. Rabat, 1983.

Azan, Paul. L'émir Abd el Kader (1808-1883). Paris, 1925.

Barthes, Roland. Empire of Signs. Translated by Richard Howard. New York, 1982.

Beeston, A. F. L., et al., eds. Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period. Cambridge, 1983.

Berque, Jacques. "L'emir Abdel Kader demande à Fes une consultation sur le jihad." In Maghreb, Histoire et Sociétés, pp. 65-81. Algiers, 1974.

Bookin-Weiner, J. "The 'Sallee Rovers': Morocco and Its Corsairs in the Seventeenth Century." In The Middle East and North Africa: Essays in Honor of J. C. Hurewitz, edited by Reeva S. Simon, pp. 307-31. New York, 1990.

Braudel, F., and E. Labrousse, eds. Histoire économique et sociale de la France. Vol. 3: L'avènement de l'ère industrielle (1789-1880), part 1. Paris, 1976.

Brignon, J., et al. Histoire du Maroc. Paris, 1967.

Brooke, Sir Arthur de Capell. Sketches in Spain and Morocco. 2 vols. London, 1831.

Brooks, L. A. E. A Memoir of Sir John Drummond Hay. London, 1896.

Brown, Leon Carl. The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey, 1837-1855. Princeton, 1974. Brunot, Louis. La mer dans les traditions et les industries indigènes à Rabat et Salé. Paris, 1921.

Brunot, Louis. Textes arabes de Rabat. 2 vols. Rabat, 1952.

Burnaby, S. B. Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan Calendars. London, 1001.

Caillé, Jacques. "Ambassades et missions marocaines en France." HespérisTamuda 1, 1 (1960): 39-83.

"Un ambassadeur marocain à Paris (1845-1846)." Le monde français 16. 49 (October 1949): 74-86.

Charles Jagerschmidt: Chargé d'affaires de France au Maroc (18201894). Paris, 1951.

"Un document marocain: L'ambassadeur el-Haj Abd el-Qader à la cour de Louis-Philippe." Le magazine de l'Afrique du Nord (January 1951): 20-21.

"La France et le Maroc en 1849." Hespéris 33 (1946): 123-55.

Une mission de Léon Roches à Rabat en 1845. Casablanca, 1947. La petite histoire du Maroc, 2ª serie (1727-1850). Rabat, 1952.

Chenier, Louis. The Present State of the Empire of Morocco. 2 vols. London, 1788.

Cigar, N. "Socio-economic Structures and the Development of an Urban Bourgeoisie in Pre-colonial Morocco." Maghreb Review 6. 3-4 (MayAugust 1981): 55-67.

Colin, G. S. "La noria marocaine et les machines hydrauliques dans le monde arabe." Hespéris 14, 1 (1932): 22-49.

Collins, Irene. The Government and the Newspaper Press in France, 18141881. London, 1959.

de Cossé-Brissac, Philippe. Les rapports de la France et du Maroc pendant la conquête de l'Algérie (1830-1847). Paris, 1931.

Dakhlia, Jocelyne. "Dans la mouvance du Prince: La symbolique du pouvoir itinérant au Maghreb." Annales: Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 43, 3 (May-June 1988): 735-60.

Davidson, John. Notes Taken during Travels in Africa. London, 1839.

Dehérain, Henri. Orientalistes et antiquaires: Silvestre de Sacy, ses contempo-

rains et ses disciples. Paris, 1938. Deverdun, Gaston. Marrakech: Des origines à 1912. 2 vols. Rabat, 1959-66. Dunn, Ross E. The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th

Century. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1989.

Durrieu, Xavier. "Le Maroc en 1844: La situation, les moeurs, les ressources de l'empire." Revue des deux mondes 8 (1844): 5-63.

The Present State of Morocco: A Chapter of Mussulman Civilisation. London, 1854.

Eickelman, Dale F. "The Art of Memory: Islamic Education and Its Social Reproduction." Comparative Studies in Society and History 20, 4 (1978): 485-516.

Eickelman, Dale F., and James Piscatori, eds. Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1990.

El-Mansour, Mohamed. "Moroccan Perceptions of European Civilisation in the Nineteenth Century." In Morocco and Europe, edited by George Joffé, pp. 37-45. Center of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Occasional Paper 7. London, 1989.

Emerit, Marcel. L'Algérie à l'époque d'Abdel Kader. Paris, 1951.

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"La légende de Léon Roches." Revue africaine 91, 410-11 (1947): 81-105.

Flournoy, F. R. British Policy toward Morocco in the Age of Palmerston. Baltimore, 1935-

Fussell, Paul. Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars. New York, 1980.

Gallissot, René. "La guerre d'Abd el Kader ou la ruine de la nationalité

algérienne (1839-1847)." Hespéris-Tamuda 5 (1964): 119-41.

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Glick, Thomas F. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages: Comparative Perspectives on Social and Cultural Formations. Princeton, 1979.

Goitein, S. D. A Mediterranean Society. 5 vols. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967-88.

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(1948): 195-206.

Hay, J. H. D. Journal of an Expedition to the Court of Marocco in the Year 1846. Cambridge, 1848.

Hay, J. H. D. Western Barbary: Its Wild Tribes and Savage Animals. London, 1861.

Heyworth-Dunne, J. "Rifa'ah Badawi Rafi at-Tahțawi: The Egyptian Re-

vivalist." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 9 (1937-39): 961-67; 10 (1940-42): 399-415.

Hitti, Philip. The History of the Arabs. New York, 1967.

Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939. London, 1967.

Howard, Donald R. Writers and Pilgrims: Medieval Pilgrimage Narratives and Their Posterity. Berkeley, 1980.

Jackson, James Grey. An Account of the Empire of Marocco and the District of Suse. Philadelphia, 1810.

Johnson, Douglas. Guizot: Aspects of French History, 1787-1874. London, 1963.

Joly, A. "Un calendrier agricole marocain." Archives marocaines 3 (1905): 301-19.

"Tétouan." Part 2, "Historique." Archives marocaines 5 (1905): 161264. 311-430.

Julien, C.-A. Histoire de l'Algérie contemporaine. Paris, 1964. History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. Translated by

John Petrie. Edited by C. C. Stewart. London, 1970.

Lahbabi, Mohamed. Le gouvernement marocain à l'aube du XXe siècle. Rabat, 1958.

Lakhdar, Mohammed. La vie littéraire au Maroc sous la dynastie 'Alawide (1075-1311 1664-1894). Rabat, 1971.

de La Martinière, H. M. P., and N. Lacroix. Documents pour servir à l'étude du nord-ouest africain. 4 vols. Algiers, 1894-97.

Laroui, Abdallah. L'histoire du Maghreb: Un essai de synthèse. Paris, 1970.

English edition: History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay. Translated by Ralph Mannheim. Princeton, 1977.

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Paris, 1977. Latham, J. D. "The Reconstruction and Expansion of Tetuan: The Period

of Andalusian Immigration." In Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honor of Hamilton A. R. Gibb, edited by George Makdisi, pp. 387-408. Leiden, 1965.

"Towns and Cities of Barbary: The Andalusian Influence." Islamic Quarterly 16 (1972): 189-204. Lavedan, P. Histoire de Paris. "Que sais-je?" no. 34. Paris, 1960.

Le Tourneau, Roger. Fès avant le Protectorat. Casablanca, 1949.

La vie quotidienne à Fès en 1900. Paris, 1965.

Lévi-Provençal, E. Les historiens des Chorfa. Paris, 1922.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Tristes Tropiques. Translated by J. Russell. New York, 1970.

Lewis, Bernard. The Muslim Discovery of Europe. New York, 1982.

Louca, Anouar. Voyageurs et écrivains égyptiens en France au XIX siècle. Paris, 1970.

Marçais, William. Textes arabes de Tanger. Paris, 1911.

Mekouar, Hassan. Washington Irving and the Arabesque Tradition. Ph.D. dissertation. Brown University, 1977.

Ménétra, Jacques-Louis. Journal of My Life. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Edited by Daniel Roche. New York, 1986.

Michaux-Bellaire, E. "Au palais du Sultan marocain." Revue du monde musulman 5 (1908): 647-62.

"Le droit de propriété au Maroc." Revue du monde musulman 7 (1909): 365-78.

"El-Qçar Eç-Çeghir." Revue du monde musulman 16 (1911): 329-76.

"L'impôt de la naïba et la loi musulmane au Maroc." Revue du monde musulman 11 (1910): 396-404.

"Les impôts marocains." Archives marocaines 1 (1904): 56-96.

"L'organisation des finances au Maroc." Archives marocaines 11 (1907): 171-251.

"Un rouage du gouvernement marocain: La beniqat ech chikaïat de Moulay Abd el Hafid." Revue du monde musulman 5 (1908): 242-74-

Miège, J.-L. Le Maroc et l'Europe (1830-1894). 4 vols. Rabat, 1989. Miller, Michael B. The Bon Marche: Bourgeois Culture and the Department Store, 1869-1920. Princeton, 1981.

Miquel, André. "L'Europe occidentale dans la relation arabe d'Ibrāhīm b. Ya qūb (Xes.)." Annales: Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 21, 5 (September-October 1966): 1048-64.

La géographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu'au milieu du 11 siè

cle. 4 vols. Paris, 1967-88.

Mitchell, Timothy. Colonizing Egypt. Cambridge, 1988.

Naff, Thomas, and Roger Owen, eds. Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History. Carbondale, 1977.

Park, Thomas. "Inflation and Economic Policy in 19th Century Morocco: The Compromise Solution." Maghreb Review 10, 2-3 (1985): 51-56.

Pellat, Charles. "La France dans la géographie d'al-Idrisi." Studi maghrebini 10 (1978): 33-72.

Penz, Charles. Les émerveillements parisiens d'un ambassadeur de Moulay Ismail, janvier-février 1682. Casablanca, 1949.

Pérès, Henri. L'Espagne vue par les voyageurs musulmans de 1610 à 1930. Paris, 1937.

Peyssonnel, Jean André. Voyage dans les régences de Tunis et d'Alger. Edited by Lucette Valensi. Paris, 1987.

Pinkney, David. Decisive Years in France, 1840-47. Princeton, 1986.

Rackow, Ernst. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der materiellen Kultur Nordwest-Marokkos: Wohnraum, Hausrat, Kostüm. Wiesbaden, 1958.

Renaud, H. P. J. "L'enseignement des sciences exactes et l'édition d'ouvrages scientifiques au Maroc avant l'occupation européenne." Hespéris 14, 1 (1932): 78-89.

"Un essai de classification botanique dans l'oeuvre d'un médecin marocain du XVIe siècle." Mémorial Henri Basset: Nouvelles études nordafricaines et orientales (2 vols.), 2:197-206. Paris, 1928.

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Roches, Léon. Trente-deux ans à travers l'Islam. 2 vols. Paris, 1884-87.

Rosenthal, E. I. J. Political Thought in Medieval Islam. Cambridge, 1968. Rosenthal, Franz. The Technique and Approach of Muslim Scholarship. Analecta Orientalia 24. Rome, 1947.

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Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York, 1979.

Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century. Berkeley, 1986.

Schroeter, Daniel. Merchants of Essaouira: Urban Society and Imperialism in Southwestern Morocco, 1844-1886. Cambridge, 1988.

Scott, Col. A Journal of a Residence in the Esmailla of Abd-el-Kader and of Travels in Morocco and Algiers. London, 1842.

Sternberger, Dolf. Panorama of the Nineteenth Century. Translated by Joachim Neugroschel. New York, 1977.

Turner, Victor, and Edith Turner. Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture: Anthropological Perspectives. New York, 1978.

Valensi, Lucette. Le Maghreb avant la prise d'Alger (1790-1830). Paris, 1969. Warnier, A.-H. Campagne du Maroc, 1844. Paris, 1899.

IV. REFERENCE WORKS

Bosworth, C. E. The Islamic Dynasties. Edinburgh, 1967.

Brockelmann, Carl. Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur (GAL). 2 vols. Leiden, 1943-49. Supplementbände (S). 3 vols. Leiden, 1937-42. Dictionnaire d'histoire de France Perrin. Paris, 1981.

Dozy, R. P. A. Dictionnaire détaillé des noms des vêtements chez les Arabes. Beirut, n.d. (reprint of Amsterdam, 1845).

Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes. 3rd ed. 2 vols. Paris, 1967. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1911 ed., 1990 ed.

The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New edition, 1960-.

Fahāris al-khizāna al-malakiya (Rabat, 1980-). Vol. 1, Fihris qism at-tarikh wa-

kutub ar-Rihla(旅行)t, edited by Muhammad 'Abd Allah 'Inăn. Rabat, 1980. Flügel, G. Concordantiae Corani Arabicae. Leipzig, 1842.

Gibb, H. A. R., and J. H. Kramers. Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam (SEI).

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INDEX OF NAMES AND SUBJECTS

名稱和主題索引

'Abd al-Majid (Sultan), 208

'Abd al-Qadir b. Muhi ad-Din (Amir), 6, 7, 8, 10n. 20, 32

'Abd ar-Rahman b. Hisham (Sultan),

3, 341.78, 36; death of, 45; foreign policy of, 6; praised by aş-Şaffär, 75

Advertising: in newspapers, 153; in public places, 135

'Afilal, Mufaddal, 381.91

Afuqay, Ahmad b. Qasim. See al-Hajari

Agriculture: cultivation of exotic plants, 141; cultivation of forage, 101; in France, 97-102; France

compared with Morocco, 102;

Minister of, 215

Aix-en-Provence, 107-10

Algeria: costs of war in, 216; French invasion of, 4-8; paintings of, 208 America, 138, 140, 141

Animals: care of, 126-27, 131; in Jardin des Plantes, 137-40; slaughtering of, 169-70; used in travel, 90, 92,95-96

Architecture: domestic, 135; urban, 95. See also Art and images Ardashir, 172n.2

Art and images: as decoration, 89; in Louvre, 194-96; at Versailles, 2078

Ash'ash, 'Abd al-Qadir, 76; accepts payments from French, 30; chosen

as ambassador, 14; French view of, 23; ruination of, 42. See also

Embassy of Ash'äsh Ash'äsh, Muhammad, 34n. 78, 76

Ash'äsh family: employ aş-Şaffär, 39; ruination of, 40-42; rule over Tetuan, 13-14

al-'Attär, Hajj al-'Arabi b. 'Abd alKarim, 19. 35.77

al-'Ayät, Ahmad, 19

"Azīmān, Muhammad, 37 Aztüt, Abū Silhâm b. 'Ali (Governor), 9-10

Badis, 83n.35

Banking and finance, 155-57; Minister of, 214; of railroads, 117-18; usury in, 220. See also Business and trade

Barbary sheep: gift of, 26 Barthes, Roland, vii Bathhouses, in France, 65, 129-30.

See also Cleanliness and sanitation Beaumier, Auguste: accompanies embassy, 18; on costs of embassy,

174; as letter writer, 24n. 52; on aşŞaffär, 40; as social secretary, 2324

Bibliothèque Royale. See Library Books and writing. See Laws; Library; Science

The Bourse, 133

Bridges: in France, compared with

Morocco, 93n.9; over the Seine, 127-28; tolls on, 118

Bu Silham. See Azțüt, Abū Silham b.

Ali

Budget, French National for 1844.

213, 217-19

Bugeaud, Thomas (Marshal), 7

Business and trade: food prices, 170-

71; in Lyon, 112; in Marseille, 105-6; Minister of, 215. See also Advertising: Currency; Markets; Work and industriousness

Cafés, newspapers in, 151

Calendar, Muslim, 86n.43. 179

Caliphate, 76

Ceuta, 35n. 82, 36

The Chambers, 208-10; and the press, 150

Champ-de-Mars, military review on,

24. 190-93

Champs-Elysées, 136, 173

Charles X (King of France), and the press, 152

de Chasteau, Edme, 12, 17

Christianity: and Islam compared,

193; and worship of the cross, 108-10. See also Islam Cleanliness and sanitation: bodily, 129-30; importance of, to French, 159-60; in markets, 132; at mealtimes, 163-65; in public places, 106, 136, 160; in Royal Library, 187; in schools, 211

Climate: in France, 111, 113; of Paris, 124

Clocks and time, 62-63

Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers,

196-201

Constantinople, 85, and Paris com-

pared, 123

Contraband, 218

Credibility: in the French press, 152; in the Rihla(旅行), 58-59

Currency, in France: compared with Morocco, 134-35; paper, practicality of, 219-20; in the Royal Library, 189; and travel, 88. See also Banking and finance

Dancing: men and women together, 185-86; in the theater, 146 Darqawa (brotherhood), in Tetuan,

Degranges, Alix, 187n.28

Department store, 133-34

The Diorama, 145-46

Diplomacy: French, in North Africa, 25-26; Minister of, 214; Moroccan, with Europe, 5-6, 9n. 19, 11-

12; Moroccan-French, after Isly, 7 Dissimulation. See Embassy of

Ash'ash Drummond Hay, John Hay. Ser Hay, J. H. Drummond

Ecole Militaire, visit to, 24

Ecole Polytechnique, 210n. 58 Education: in French schools, 210-12;

Minister of, 215; Moroccan, 371.86

Egypt: Arabic books from, 188; delegation from, in Paris, 179-80;

mummies from, 195

Embassy of Ash'äsh: accommodations in Paris, 173-74; appointment of ambassador, 13-16; arrival in Marseille, 21, 87; captivates Parisians, 22, 174; costs of, 16, 24; departure of, on journey, 18, 78; and dissimulation, 176-77; gifts of, 16, 26-28; Guizot's appraisal of, 25-26; Moroccan appraisal of, 23-24, 32; Moroccans agree to, 11; the ocean

voyage of, 17-21, 78-79, 85-87; origins of, 9; political aims of, for France, 10; preparations for the journey, 16, 77; report of, 31, 220; return of, 28-31; treated with respect, 172

-Events in Paris: audience with King, 24; ball at the palace, 18586; evening with Foreign Minister Guizot, 181-84; evening with Marshal Soult, 184-85; military review on Champ-de-Mars, 19093; at New Year's Day celebration, 179-81; reception at Palace, 177-79

-Visits in Paris: to Bibliothèque Royale, 186-89; to Chambers, 208-10; to Conservatoire, 196201; to Imprimerie Royale, 201-6; to Louvre, 194-96; to Palais Royal, 194; to Panthéon, 206-7; to schools, 210-12; to Versailles, 207-8

Europe, Moroccan curiosity about, 89. See also Diplomacy

al-Fasi, Abd al-Kabir b. al-Majdüb, 41

Fes, as-Saffär's confinement in, 41-42 Finance. See Banking and finance

Food: almonds, 98; on board the Metéore, 21; French customs relating to, 162-69; fruits, 98; in hotels, 90; meats, slaughtering of, 169-70; olives, 98; oranges, 98-99; pineapple, 141; prices of, 170-71; stor-

age of, 168-69. See also Wine French character and customs, 15761; culture and good manners, 158-59; curiosity, 158; eagerness for news, 150; gaiety, 157-58; honesty, 159; hot-headedness, 158-59; love of display, 120-21,

131; love of promenading, 136-37. 173; protocol at court, 175; pursuit of wealth, 153-55, 219; in regard to women, 178; theater-going. 148; urinating in public, 136; respect for learning. 157. See also Cleanliness and sanitation; Food; Dancing; Organization; Women Fussell, Paul, 48-50

Gardens and parks: behind houses, 135; near the Champs-Elysées, 173; in Marseille, 106; for promenading, 136-37; at Versailles, 207

Gas lighting, 143 al-Ghassani, Muhammad b. "Abd alWahab (al-Wazir), 87n.45; attitude toward kingship, 21n.45, 176n. 12; on dancing, 186n.25; on newspapers, 150n.47; on realism, 58n. 136; on sweets, 168n. 9; on the term "ambassador," 178n. 15

al-Ghassani, Qäsim, 142n. 34 Gifts, to Louis-Philippe, 26-27 Giraffe, 139-40

Government, in France: conduct of, 208-10; finances of, 213-19; ministerial responsibility in, 214-16, 219; and the press, 152; provincial, 106-7, 112, 214; and the role of the King, 210

Graburn, Nelson H. H., 49, 54 Grands Boulevards, 133 Guizot, F. P. G. (Minister): and aftermath of embassy, 32; evening with, 181-84; view of Ash'ash, 25

al-Hajari al-Andalusi, Ahmad b. Qasim, 188n.29

Härün ar-Rashid (Caliph), 189 Hasan I (Sultan), 45n. 109, 2141.3; taught by aş-Şaffär, 43

Hay, J. H. Drummond, opinion of

Ash'ash, 31

-on Morocco: bridges in, 931.9;

clocks in, 63n. 148; loss of British influence in, 32; oranges in, 98n. 23; security in, 95n. 14; transport in, 911.6

Holy war: call to, after Isly, 8; in Tetuan, 35

Hotels, in France, 88-90

al-Hujrati, 'Abd ar-Rahman, teacher of aş-Şaffär, 37

Ibn al-'Arabi, Muhammad, 79

Ibn Battūța, 851.41

Ibn Idris al-Amrawi, Muhammad (alWazir), 8, 9, 10; receives payments from French, 31

Ibn Khaldün, 83; on earth's shape,

82n. 30; influence on aş-Şaffär, 5455; on the learned man, 215n. 7; on music, 1931.41; on royal authority. 175

Imam Malik, 188

Islam: and Christianity, compared, 68; and travel to the West, 53-545 and the social order in France, 6768; weakness of, 194. See also Prayer and ritual, Christianity

Istanbul. See Constantinople

Jackson, James Grey: on the Moroc-

can meal, 162n. 3; on Moroccan

inns, 88n.2; on oranges, 98n.23. on truffles, 1661.6

Jardin des Plantes, 137-42; gifts to, 26-28

Jeanne d'Arc, 114

Jesus: image of, in the Louvre, 194;

worship of, 108-10. See also Christianity

Jews, 159n.60; Hadith about, 108-9; of Tetuan, 29

Jihad. See Holy War

al-Kardūdi, Muhammad b. Abd alQadir al-Kiläni, 8n. 15

Katib Çelebi, 1891.34

Korans, in Bibliothèque Royale, 188

Laws: adherence to, 194; about cut-

ting of wood, 99-100; about exports and imports, 102; making of, 208-10; about property owner-

ship, 100-101, 216. See also Organization

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 60-61

al-Libadi, Muhammad, 19, 77

Library (Bibliothèque Royale), 186-

89; organization of, 215

Louis XVI (King of France), 208 Louis XVII (King of France), and the press, 152

Louis-Philippe (King of France),

76n. 10; family of, meets delegation, 177-78; and National Budget, 213; aş-Şaffar's description of, 175; speech on New Year's Day, 181

Louvre, Museum of, 194-96

Luqman, 154

Lyon, 112-13

Madina, Abd ar-Rahman, 35

Manuscripts, in Bibliothèque Royale,

Paris, 132-35

187-89 Markets, provisioning of, 169; in

Marseille, 21, 79, 87, 105-7 Martil, 34 Mediterranean world, aş-Şaffär's de-

scription of, 79-85

Melilla, 83n. 35 Météore (steamship), 17-21, 78-79

Military strength, French: display of, 190-93; at fortress of St. Cloud, 126-27; and Minister of War, 215: and navy, 119-22

Minerals and gems: display of, 140; for sale, 135

Ministers, French, responsibilities of, 214-16

Miquel, André, 60

Mogador, bombardment of, 7; build-

ing of. 5

Money. See Currency

Monopolies of the state, 218

Muhammad (III) b. 'Abd Allah (Sultan), 5, 87n.45; opposed by people of Tetuan, 35

Muhammad (IV) b. 'Abd Rahman (Sultan), 45, 2141.3

Muhammad Ali (Khedive), 561. 12, 57. 179, 180n. 17, 208

Music: military, 121, 190-91, 193; and singing. 182-84. See also Dancing

Napoleon I (Emperor), 173n.3.

1881.30

Navy, French, 28-29; Minister of,

216; tour of, 119-22. See also Military strength

Newspapers, 150-53. See also Adver-

tising

Nün, River, 251.55

Organization: in library, 187-88; in marching, 192, 194; in military matters, 121; in planting, 101; in schools, 211. See also Laws

Orléans, 114

Palais Royal, 1321.17

Panthéon, 206-7

Paris: bathhouses of, 129-30; bridges of, 127-28; climate of, 124; compared with rest of France, 131; and Constantinople, compared with, 123; described in Arabic sources, 124n. 2; description of, 123-27, in 18405, 22; gate taxes of, 125-26; idealized by aş-Şaffär, 59; markets

of, 132-35, 169; population of, 124; street noise in, 131; streets and quays of, 126, 130; walls and fortifications of, 124-26; washinghouses of, 128. See also Architecture, Cleanliness and sanitation; Gardens and parks; Newspapers

Pilgrimage, as the archetypal journey,

52 Poetry, aş-Şaffar's use of, xv, 66

Port-Vendres, 86

Posthouse, 95-96, 105

Poverty, French abhorrence of, 153-

Prayer and ritual: ablutions prior to, 66, 129; and the slaughtering of meat, 169; as time-marker, 62-63

Prices. See Business and trade Printing press, description of, 201-6

Qarawiyin, 37, 1861.26 Qaşı aş-Şaghir, 81n.28

al-Qastalläni, "Abū al-'Abbas Ahmad b. Muhammad, 1081.44, 110

Railroad. See Travel Reform, movement for, in Morocco,

Religion, Minister of, 215. See also Christianity; Islam; Prayer and ritual Rhône, Valley of, 110-12 Rivers, in France, 102-4 Roads. See Travel Roches, Léon, 10, 17, 24, 31 Rüm, 79, 8tn.24

de Sacy, Silvestre, 59n. 138, 1871.28 aş-Şaffar, Muhammad, 33-48; chosen for embassy, 16, 39. 77; connection with Ash'äsh, 39; death of, 47; during voyage, 19, 40; earns title of faqih, 37; education of, 3637; falls into disfavor, 40-42; fam-

as-Saffär, Muhammad, (cont.)

ily roots of, 33; Makhzan years of, 42-47; marriage of, 39; as notary, 37-38; and at-Tahțăwi, compared, 57; as teacher, 38; as witness, 5759; and the writing of the Rihla(旅行), xiii-xiv, 32, 40, 77-78, 220; views on cuisine, 165, 167, views on music, 184; views on women, 6667

Saint Cloud, fortress of, 1.261.9

Science: of commerce, 157, experiments in, observed, 196-201; in the Maghrib, 1961. 44; of pulling loads, 93; study of, 142; of sweetening water, 120; teaching of, 215 Seine, River, 127

Servants, in hotels, 90

Sicily, 85

Soult, Nicolas (Marshal), 1841.24

Space, as a cultural phenomenon, 64-

65; and the rural landscape, 97102, 104

Stagecoach. See Travel

Sulayman (Sultan), 6, 34

at-Tahtawi, Rifa'a Räfi', xiv, 180n. 17; as an authority on Paris, 123; on French government, 208n. 54; and his influence on asSaffär, 56-57, on science, 1961.43; and the Takhlis, 9

at-Tamgrūti (Tamgrouti), 'Ali, 79n.23, 81n.27, 851.41

Tangier, bombardment of, 7 Taxes: agricultural, 1020.29, 1051.35: on bridges, 128; at gates of city, 94, 125-26; on imports, 102, 1056; as source of revenue, 217-18 Tea, use of in Morocco, 170n. 16 Telegraph, 198, 200-201 Tetuan, 33-36; Ash'äsh family's rule

over, 13-14, eulogized by aş-Şaf-

får, 78; welcomes the Ambassador

home, 29 Theater, 142-48; Hadiths about, 148-

50; moral value of, 153; similar to Chambers, 209 Toulon, visit to, 28, 118-22 Trachtenberg, Alan, 60

Transport: public, in Paris, 131; by river, 102, 104; wagons and carts used in, 92; and the weighing of

loads, 94

Travel: animals used in, 90-92, 95-96; disorientation caused by, 61-64; in carly Islam, 76; ease of, in France, 88, 90-91, 93, 96, 104-5, 113; Hadiths about, 96; justification for, 54; by land, 93. 95. 103; by omnibus, 92; by railroad, 61, 11418; by sea, 50, 79, 85-86; security of, in France, 95; speed of, 91, 93. 115; by stagecoach, 61, 87, 91; tolls collected during, 111; to the West, dangers of, 11n.25. 53-54See also Diplomacy; Transport

Travel account (Rihla(旅行)), 48-69; credibility of, 58-59; disclaimer in, 221; and innovation, 51; and pilgrimage, 52; and reality, 48; structure of, 50-51; universality of, 49, 6869

Trees. See Agriculture; Gardens and parks; Space Tuileries, Palace of, 175

at-Tunisi, Khayr ad-Din: on science, 1961.43; on the theater, 1421.35

'Umar (Caliph), 96n. 17 'Uthman (Caliph), 149

Versailles, Palace of, 207-8

West: Moroccan views of, 4; problem of travel to, 53. See also Diplomacy

Wine: and cultivation of the grape, 101-2; at mealtimes, 168, refused by Moroccans, 21; tax on, 125 Women: beauty of, 160; in business, 157; conversation with, 178; in crafts, 112; dress of, 160, 182; and sexual relations with, 66-67, 161. See also Dancing

Wonders, in France, 59n. 137 Work and industriousness: in agriculture, 97; love of, 153; in Lyon, 112-13

Yazid (Sultan), 35

Zarrüq, Sidi Ahmad, 83n.37

INDEX OF ARABIC TERMS

amir al-mu'minin, 761.9

adl, 38n.90

alim, 161.34

amin, 77n. 14. 791.35

dinär, 1351.22

dirhăm, 88n. 1, 1341.21

diwan, 1251.7.

2100.56

jilbana, 1651.5

jilnär, 112

jūțiya, 1351.24

kafil, 216n. 11

amir al-muslimin, 176n. 12

fabrika, 1121.52

fahrasa, 371.85

kamānja, 182

känün, 901.4

anana, 1411.33

firägt, 195

karrita, 911.8

arwa, 1381.29

fizig, 1961.43

karrüşa, 911.6

asbiriți, 1431.36

asbitär, 1261.8

funduq, 881.2

karwinash, 1651.5

fuqqa, 1651.5

aştanba, 2011.47

awbra, 1421.35

gāzīta, 150n.47

ghayta, 193

khadim, 76n. 12

kharaj, 100n.26

al-khāşşa wal-amma, 371.88

bäbä al-kabir, 180

ghulăm, 1611.61

khatib, 411.98

babür, 78n. 19

khatwa, 1731.4

bäbür al-barr, 113n.55.

hadiya, 41n.98

khizāna, 186

195

hajj, 15n.32

khutba, 731.1

hammam, 65, 129

haraka, 1971.45

hijra, 111.25

babüsh (babouche), 231.50

bankat ad-dawla, 1561.55

harnița, 175n. 10

bāshadür, 178n. 15

bayt al-mal, 1171.60,

214

bishkitű, 1681.9

būgház, 811.27

büşāda, 881.2

ibädät, 38

"Id al-fitr, 161.35

'Id al-kabir, 40n.97

iqlim, 81n.29

imam, 56n. 132

istabl, 95n. 15

iyala, 1061.37

kutrabandü, 218n.16

laqab, 33

libzar, 163

makhzan, 51.3

maks, 94n. 12

mawla (mulay), 75n.6

kibrit, 841.38

kiswa, 175n.9

kudshi, 871.45

kümathiya, 1421.35

dajaj al-hind, 1651.4

där al-islam, 11n.25

där al-kufr, 111.25

dhira", 911.7

jahiliya, 189n.36

jallaba (jellaba), 23

mayta, 169n. 12

mil, 95n.13

jawari, 144

jibayat, 213

minbar, 209n.55

mithgal, 1341.21

mlüf, 1111.49

muamalat, 38

muhädana, 1771.13

mūna, 881. 1

näbyüs, 120n.66

nä iba, 100n.26

nasara, 811.24

na ura, 941.11

nawwala, 971.18

nisba, 461. 111

qintar, 941. 10

qishla, 1081.41

qunsuwat. 214

qurşal, 1051.34

rabäbät, 182

rabia, 1931.40

raqqas, 150n.47

ratl, 94n. 10

qasida, 8n. 15

qaysariya, 132n. 16

şiqāla, 1931.39

täjir, 341.75

tälib, 77n. 15

tarfas, 1661.6

tarünba, 190

tashif, 1491.45

tayātrī, 1421.35

turuq al-hadid, 112

tüt düd al-harir, 98n.22

nishan, 1571.58

riba, 220n. 18

umma, 731.2

Rihla(旅行), 4

qadi, 37

riyal, 88n. 1. 1341.21

üqiya, 1341.21

ushr, 1021.29.

qa'id, 76n. 3, 214

1051.35 uwkanța, 881.2

saj, 66

santir, 90n. 3

qa'id al-bilad, 107

qa'id al-mashwar, 44n. 106, 1741.6

qa'ida, 42

qamra, 78n. 20,

208n.54

sarbüsh, 231.48

shaklāt, 168n. το

sharia, 100n. 27

sharif, 751.8

shilya, 162n.2

qanûn, 1001.27

qanita, 1971.45

qasha, 1111.47

shirk, 741.4

shurba, 163

qashina, 90n. 5

simsär, 1351.24

wazir al-awwal, 44

wazir ash-shikāyāt, 46

wudu", 1291. 12

yamand, 1781. 14

zahir, 61.6

zarafa, 139n.30

zawiya, 411.99

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