因為歐洲很優越,而摩洛哥卻陷入了過去,直到為時已晚。
1600年至1830年間,歐洲透過各種「大戰」迅速發展,徹底改變了歐洲的戰爭方式。特別是拿破崙戰爭引入了大規模的步兵軍隊,這只有歸功於工業化才可能實現,這意味著歐洲國家可以在短時間內武裝大量人員。
拿破崙戰爭中的英國士兵
摩洛哥沒有這樣的發展,1600年至1830年間摩洛哥發生了3次內戰:
- 薩阿迪王朝崩潰後的內戰(1603–1665)
- 穆萊·伊斯梅爾去世後的內戰(1727–1757)
- 穆罕默德三世去世後的內戰(1790–1795)
當不發生內戰時,蘇丹忙於鎮壓鄉村部落的叛亂或鞏固自己的統治。這導致了阻礙摩洛哥發展的無政府狀態。當法國士兵在德國作戰時,法國學者安全地在巴黎分析了這場戰鬥,並提出了自己的軍事思想和理論。
摩洛哥沒有出現這種情況,因為戰鬥發生在摩洛哥本身。然而,蘇丹在面對歐洲對手時仍然對他的軍隊的能力充滿信心。
但這種幻想在 1844 年破滅了。
長話短說,蘇丹阿卜杜拉赫馬內(Sultan Abderrahmane,1822-1859 年在位)在 1830 年法國征服阿爾及利亞後支持阿爾及利亞叛軍。一支法國軍隊在阿爾及利亞組建,蘇丹的反應是派遣 25,000 名士兵由他 14 歲的兒子、當時的穆罕默德四世親王指揮,以示反抗。以顯示他對法國人的看法是多麼的少。
描繪艾斯利戰役的法國繪畫
在艾斯利戰役中,這支軍隊被規模只有其 1/3 的法國軍隊殲滅,大約有 1000 名摩洛哥人死亡,而法國人只有幾十人。蘇丹的反應是派遣特使穆罕默德·薩法爾前往法國進行和平談判,但也有一個隱藏的議程,以回答蘇丹令人困惑的問題:
“這些歐洲人到底是怎麼羞辱我的?!”
薩法爾在給蘇丹的信中詳細描述了他的新敵人法國的每一個細節,例如:
巴黎人民,無論男女,都孜孜不倦追求財富。他們從不閒著或懶惰。 (……)儘管他們有各種各樣的娛樂和最奇妙的奇觀,但他們並沒有從工作中分心,並給予每一刻應有的時間。
薩法爾基本上是在說法國人是勤奮的工人,總是為國家做出最好的貢獻
薩法爾撰寫的關於法國官僚機構和機構如何運作的文章,法國人如何擁有更先進的技術,例如這種被稱為工廠的新奇事物,其機器的產量甚至可以超過非斯最好的工匠,這讓蘇丹感到震驚。
在薩法爾向他發送報告之前,蘇丹阿卜杜勒拉赫曼根本不知道什麼是工廠,也不知道歐洲甚至有大量工廠。
不僅因為他曾經認為低人一等的歐洲人已經走了多遠,而且還因為
因為摩洛哥永遠無法在這個級別上競爭。
向蘇丹描述的一件事是鐵路,它促進了運輸和貿易,在歐洲的經濟發展中發揮了重要作用,但蘇丹從未在摩洛哥這樣做過。
當英國外交官約翰·海·德拉蒙德·海(John Hay Drummond Hay)建議蘇丹穆罕默德四世建造一些建築(當然由英國提供資金)時,他拒絕解釋摩洛哥內陸地區由不守規矩的柏柏爾部落統治。如果他修建鐵路,鐵路也撐不了一天,因為柏柏爾人會運走他們認為「免費」的鐵和木材。
(西巴巴里 = 摩洛哥) Drummond Hay 是一名學者,因此他真正對摩洛哥及其歷史感興趣。他經常向蘇丹提供實際有用的建議,例如修建鐵路或棉花種植園,他認為這對摩洛哥有幫助。他寫了一本關於他在摩洛哥生活的日記,內容非常有見地
軍方也出現了類似的問題。
薩法爾和阿爾及利亞叛軍會見了蘇丹,詳細介紹了法國的軍事組織和戰術,他們解釋了法國如何組織像團這樣的單位,其中的軍官在法國軍事學院接受過訓練。法國士兵在入伍前要進行數月的訓練,學習戰爭的基礎知識。
法國士兵是專業人士,他們住在軍營裡,每天進行訓練和訓練,他們學會完美地完成自己的任務和職責,這使他們在戰鬥中成為嚴重威脅
摩洛哥有武裝的部落成員,他們沒有接受過訓練或演習,他們只有在蘇丹需要他們的時候才打仗,然後他們就會去他們的土地上工作。
然而蘇丹的雙手卻被綁住了。
摩洛哥的「軍事」是Jaysh部落,意思是部落,通常是阿拉伯人,他們同意為蘇丹的戰爭提供士兵,以換取利益,例如為自己獲取一部分稅收收入。傑許部落強烈反對建立國家軍隊的想法,因為這會剝奪他們的特權和財富。
因此,雖然法國能夠發展一支有組織且強大的軍隊,但摩洛哥蘇丹卻不得不與傑許部落妥協,並擁有一支約 6,000 人的國家軍隊。一個很小的量。
這就是為什麼摩洛哥的策略是獲得歐洲人的保護以對抗歐洲人。
老鼠=摩洛哥,白貓=英國,黑貓=法國,中間的貓是德國跳出來拯救摩洛哥。這是指第一次摩洛哥危機,當時德國宣布將保護摩洛哥,此舉激怒了法國
阿拉維派是務實的。與日本不同,摩洛哥不具備大規模效法歐洲成為發達強國、挑戰歐洲、建立自己的殖民帝國的必要條件。
摩洛哥蘇丹要做到這一點,至少需要花上十年或兩年的時間與摩洛哥的部落交戰,將他們一一消滅。
法國隊在比賽開始前就獲勝了。
1844年蘇丹的戰敗讓他們意識到自己沒有生存的希望。
更正:我錯誤地寫道,最終圖像中的白貓代表了西班牙,但這是一個錯誤,正如Fabio Paolo Barbieri指出的那樣,它是英國。
為什麼不呢?北非穆斯林缺乏軍事能力有什麼原因嗎?我的意思是,儘管對維京人大肆宣傳,但實際上是巴巴里(阿爾及利亞)海盜駕駛著他們敏捷、可怕的海盜船,他們一直襲擊和奴役西歐,直到 18 世紀。
一般來說,西歐封建軍隊在面對穆斯林時表現得相當糟糕。問 1187 年呂西尼昂的蓋伊 (Guy of Lusignan) 是如何對抗薩拉丁的
All those French, German and English knights got kicked out of Palestine pretty hard, in spit
Spain never tried such a conquest. Since 15th century Portugal and Spain established a number of outposts - enclaves and cities - at the African shores of the Mediterranean in order to protect their ships from the active piracy that used Northern African ports as a base.
There was a short war in 1859–60 between Spain and the sultanate of Morocco: Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60) - Wikipedia It finished with the treaty of Wad Ras Treaty of Wad Ras - Wikipedia
At the beginning of the 20th century, within a very colonialist context, France which had strong interests in northern Africa performed a kin
Spain has always been Europe, as it has been a European country for as long as the planet Earth has existed.
Please, before giving your opinion, study a little bit of history because you are ridiculous, as the famous Spanish saying goes: ¡qué atrevida es la ignorancia!
Only a few thousand Maghrebis, mainly of GERMAN origin (Vandals) already converted to Islam, were the ones who came to the aid of the Witizians in the Visigothic civil war and took power by Islamizing the Visigoths and most of the Spanish natives.
Genetics says there is no trace of Arab genes in Spain:
Maghrebi genetics (Morocco and
The Spanish and the Portuguese tried very hard to subjugate Morocco. But, as Mr. Bourrich mentioned in his great answer, the Moroccan dynasties put an enourmous resistance that neither Spain nor Portugal could overcome, not even in their imperial glory: the cost of doing that was just too high, and in the end, the rewards too few.
At most, the colonial wars fought by Spain and Portugal ended with some coastal plazas under European control, while it was not until the Rif War (1920-1926) that Morocco fell under joint Franco-Spanish tutelage.
Spain didn't try to conquest Morocco, as far as I know. Who actually tried to conquest it was Portugal, but they were defeated in the battle of Alcazarquivir. In this battle the king Sebastian of Portugal disappeared and Portugal targeted other territories.
Being conquered is actually really easy.
All you need is someone willing to conquer your country.
It is really not that much of an achievement, to be honest.
However, most of the Spanish and Portuguese were somehow unable to remain conquered for 800 years.
But let’s get that into context:
The muslims conquered quickly, but were methodically pushed out.
Do you know how to use a map? It’s an essential skill. I would say the best thing for you to do is to look up “Map of Spain”. Then you’ll be able to find the name of that body of water, yourself.
(Keep in mind, some of Spain is actually in Africa, and is separated from Morocco by a border, but I don’t think your teacher wants that answer…you might add it, though).
Credit: My mom and every teacher I ever had.
In 711 the Islamic Arab and Moors of Berber descent in northern Africa crossed the Strait of Gibraltar onto the Iberian Peninsula, and in a series of raids they conquered Visigothic Christian Hispania. Their general, Tariq ibn Ziyad, brought most of Iberia under Islamic rule in an eight-year campaign.
The main ruling eras and battles were:
The Almoravids
The Almoravid ruler Yusuf Ibn Tashfin entered the Iberian Peninsula from North Africa and slowly advanced to the fields of Al-Zallāqah, north of Badajoz (Baṭalyaws), where in 1086 he defeated a Castilian army under Alfonso VI. However, unable to
I presume you are referring to the Riffian victory in the Battle of Annual from 22 July – 9 August 1921 (see Battle of Annual - Wikipedia).
The Riffian victory and disastrous Spanish defeat was due to poor leadership, organization and combat-readiness of the Spanish forces involved, versus the brilliant tactics of Abd el-Krim, who is considered a model of guerrilla leadership (see Abd el-Krim - Wikipedia).
如果您閱讀西班牙語,您可能會在西班牙語維基百科頁面Desastre de Annual - 維基百科,自由百科全書中找到有關年度戰役的詳細描述。
當我有時間時我會嘗試

沒有留言:
張貼留言
注意:只有此網誌的成員可以留言。