書單: 唐行きさん（唐行きさん）

唐行きさん（からゆきさん）とは、19世紀末から20世紀初頭にかけて、日本の貧困にあえぐ農業県から東アジア、東南アジア、シベリア（ロシア極東）、満州、イギリス領インド、オーストラリアなどに娼婦として人身売買された日本の少女や女性の呼称である。

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karayuki-san

唐行きさん（Karayuki-san）是对 19 世纪末 20 世纪初从日本贫困的农业县贩卖到东亚、东南亚、西伯利亚（俄罗斯远东）、满洲、英属印度和澳大利亚等地充当妓女的日本女孩和妇女的称呼。

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karayuki-san

Karayuki-san (唐行きさん) was the name given to Japanese girls and women in the late 19th and early 20th centuries who were trafficked from poverty-stricken agricultural prefectures in Japan to destinations in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Siberia (Russian Far East), Manchuria, British India, and Australia, to serve as prostitutes.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karayuki-san

唐行きさん（唐行きさん）是19世紀末20世紀初日本女孩和婦女的名字，這些女孩和婦女從日本貧困的農業縣被販運到東亞、東南亞、西伯利亞（俄羅斯遠東地區）的目的地）、滿洲里、英屬印度、澳大利亞，充當妓女。

Karayuki-san在西貢，法屬印度支那

歷史

編輯

Karayuki-san （唐行きさん，字面意思是“去中國的女士”，後來在明治時代演變為“出國女士”）[1]是前往或被販運的日本女性，在19世紀下半葉和20世紀上半葉到亞太地區各地，當妓女、妓女和藝妓。[2]在此期間，亞洲各地出現了一個日本妓女被販運的網絡，當時被稱為「黃奴販運」。[3]

以「唐幸小姐」的身份到海外工作的女性中，有不少是貧困農漁家庭的女兒，或者是「部落民」。安排婦女出國的男女調解員會在貧困農村尋找合適年齡的人，並向她們的父母支付費用，告訴她們要出國執行公務。然後，調解員將這些女孩轉交給賣淫行業的人來賺錢。有些調解員用收到的錢繼續在海外開設妓院。[需要引用]

明治末期，出現了大量的“唐行小姐”，遠洋航行的女孩們被人們親切地稱為“女子軍”，即“女軍”。然而，現實是，許多妓女在流放中過著悲傷而孤獨的生活，常常因性病、忽視和絕望而英年早逝。隨著日本成為一個強國，國際影響力越來越大，情況開始發生變化，很快，唐雪桑就被認為是可恥的。在1910年代和1920年代，日本海外官員努力消除日本妓院並維護日本的威望，[4] [5]儘管並不總是絕對成功。許多唐雪同學回到了日本，但也有一些人留下來了。

太平洋戰爭結束後，「唐雪小姐」的話題成為了日本戰前的一個鮮為人知的事實。但在 1972 年，山崎智子出版了《山打根妓院第 8 號》，提高了對唐幸桑的認識，並鼓勵進一步的研究和報道。[需要引用]

karayuki-san的主要目的地包括中國（特別是上海）、韓國、香港、菲律賓、印尼（特別是婆羅洲和蘇門答臘）、[6] 泰國和美國西部（特別是舊金山）。他們經常被派往亞洲的西方殖民地，那裡有西方軍事人員和中國男人的強烈需求。[7]曾有日本婦女被送往西伯利亞、滿洲、夏威夷、北美（加州）、非洲（桑給巴爾）等地的案例。在卡拉奇和孟買可以找到日本妓女。[8] [9]

日本妓女在明治日本帝國主義擴張中的作用已在學術研究中得到檢驗。[10]

在俄羅斯遠東地區，貝加爾湖以東，1860年代以後，日本妓女和商人構成了該地區日本人社區的主體。[11]日本民族主義團體，如黑海會（Genyōsha）和阿穆爾河會（Kokuryūkai），美化和讚揚俄羅斯遠東和滿洲的日本妓女“亞馬遜軍隊”，並將他們吸收為會員。[12]日本妓女在符拉迪沃斯托克和伊爾庫茨克周圍執行了某些任務和情報收集。 [13]

中法戰爭導致法國士兵為日本女妓創造了市場，最終到1908年妓女佔了印度支那日本人口的大部分。

19世紀末，日本少女被賣淫，從長崎、熊本被販賣到香港、吉隆坡、新加坡等城市，再被送往太平洋、東南亞、西澳大利亞等地，被稱為“Karayuki” -桑。[15]在西澳大利亞，這些日本妓女不僅從事貿易，還從事其他活動，其中許多人與中國男子和日本男子結婚為夫，另一些則娶馬來人、菲律賓人和歐洲人為伴侶。[16]

日本女孩很容易被販賣到國外，因為韓國和中國的港口不要求日本公民使用護照，而且日本政府意識到，karayuki-san 賺的錢被匯出後有助於日本經濟，[17] [ 18 ] 1919年，中國抵制日本產品，導致收入依賴唐幸先生。[19]由於日本人認為非西方人低人一等，所以「karayuki-san」日本女性感到受到羞辱，因為她們主要為中國男性、韓國男性或東南亞本土男性提供性服務。[20]婆羅洲當地人、馬來西亞人、中國人、韓國人、日本人、法國人、美國人、英國人以及各個種族的男人都利用山打根的日本妓女。[21]一位名叫大崎的日本婦女說，男人無論日本人、中國人、韓國人、白人、當地人，無論種族，都受到妓女的同等對待，日本妓女「最噁心的顧客」是日本男人，而日本妓女「最噁心的顧客」是日本男人，他們用「夠好」來形容中國和韓國男人，英國和美國人是第二好的客戶，而本土男人是最好和最快發生性關係的。[22]山打根的九家日本人管理的妓院構成了山打根妓院的主體。[23]久田津有兩家日本妓院，但那裡沒有發現中國妓院。[24]有傳聞稱，一名中國男子娶了山下龍野的姊姊。[25]

在美國統治時期，日本與菲律賓的經濟聯繫急劇擴大，到 1929 年，日本成為菲律賓僅次於美國的最大貿易夥伴。經濟投資伴隨著日本人大規模移民菲律賓，其中主要是商人、園丁和妓女（“karayuki san”）。棉蘭老島的達沃市當時有超過 2 萬名日本裔居民。

大約之間。 1872年和1940年，大量日本妓女（karayuki-san ）在荷屬東印度群島的妓院工作。[26]

在澳洲和新加坡

編輯

來到澳洲北部的移民有美拉尼西亞人、東南亞人和中國人，他們幾乎都是男性，還有日本人，其中唯一的例外是女性。認同白人至上的種族主義澳洲人對日本妓女的移民表示感謝和縱容，因為這些非白人勞工用日本女性而不是白人女性來滿足他們的性需求，因為他們不希望白人女性與非白人男性發生性關係。在澳大利亞，白人的定義甚至縮小到盎格魯-撒克遜英國血統的人。[27]義大利和法國婦女與日本婦女一樣也被視為「外國」妓女，並得到西澳大利亞州警察和政府的支持從事她們的生意，因為這些婦女將為「有色人種」男子服務並充當英國白人盎格魯人的保障-撒克遜婦女。西澳大利亞政治家 RH Underwood 閣下在 1915年向立法議會發表講話時，讚揚了西澳大利亞有許多意大利、日本和法國妓女的事實。

在澳洲西部和東部，中國採金男子受到日本Karayuki-san妓女的服務。在澳洲北部的甘蔗、珍珠和採礦業，日本妓女為卡納卡人、馬來人和華人提供服務。這些婦女經由吉隆坡和新加坡抵達澳洲或美國，並在那裡接受賣淫指導。他們起源於日本的貧困農業地區，澳洲殖民官員批准允許日本妓女入境，以便為「有色人種」男性提供性服務，因為他們認為如果沒有日本妓女，白人婦女就會被強暴。

日本妓院的存在為港口城鎮的經濟帶來了好處。[30]

日本妓女受到昆士蘭州官員的歡迎，因為他們被認為有助於阻止白人女性與非白人男性發生性關係。義大利、法國和日本的妓女在西澳大利亞從事貿易。[31]

在金礦區，日本妓女遭到反亞裔澳洲白人的攻擊，他們希望她們離開，雷蒙德·拉德克利夫 (Raymond Radclyffe) 和雷·弗朗西斯 ( Rae Frances)在 1896 年報道了一些男子要求將日本妓女驅逐出金礦區的情況。[32]

在澳大利亞，日本妓女是第三大最普遍的職業。昆士蘭警察委員會表示，它們是“對北部經濟成長至關重要的服務”，“讓從事珍珠業、採礦業和畜牧業的歐洲和亞洲人的生活變得更加舒適”，並寫道“日本女性對卡納卡的要求比白人女性滿足的情況要少一些令人反感和有辱人格的行為」。[33]

1890 年至 1894 年間，新加坡接收了 3,222 名日本婦女，這些婦女是被日本男子村岡伊平次從日本販運來的，然後被販運到新加坡或其他目的地。幾個月來，日本婦女將被關押在香港。儘管日本政府在 1896 年試圖禁止日本妓女離開日本，但該措施未能阻止販賣日本婦女，新加坡禁止進口婦女的禁令也失敗了。 1890 年代，澳洲開始接收日本妓女移民。 1896年，澳洲有200名日本妓女。 1889 年，日本官員 H. Sato 在達爾文發現了 19 名日本婦女。他「以50 英鎊的價格將一把賣給了一名馬來理髮師，以每件40 英鎊的價格將兩把賣給了一名華人，其中一個是他的妾，第五個是他的妓女」。[34]佐藤說，這些婦女過著「讓她們的同胞蒙羞的可恥生活」。

在港口、礦場和畜牧業等地區，許多歐洲和中國男子光顧松尾大田等日本妓女。[36]

1880 年代末至 20 世紀期間，澳洲妓院擠滿了數百名日本婦女。這些日本海外婦女和妓女被稱為“karayuki-san”，意思是“去了中國”。[37]

日本妓女最初於 1887 年出現在澳大利亞，是澳大利亞殖民地邊境（例如昆士蘭州部分地區、澳大利亞北部和西部）賣淫業的主要組成部分。大英帝國和日本帝國的成長與唐幸先生息息相關。 19世紀末，日本貧困的農耕島嶼提供了成為「karayuki-san」的女孩，並被運往太平洋和東南亞。九州的火山和山區不利於農業發展，因此父母將女兒（其中一些年僅七歲）賣給了長崎縣和熊本縣的「肉類商人」（zegen）。五分之四的女孩是非自願被販賣的，而只有五分之一是自願被販賣的。[38]

The voyages the traffickers transported these women on had terrible conditions with some girls suffocating as they were hidden on parts of the ship or almost starved to death. The girls who lived were then taught how to perform as prostitutes in Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, or Singapore where they then were sent off to other places including Australia.[39]

A Queensland Legislative Assembly member in 1907 reported that Japanese prostitutes in the small town of Charters Towers lived in bad conditions while in 1896 in the larger town of Marble Bar in Western Australia, Albert Calvert reported that the conditions in Japanese brothels were good and comfortable.[40]

After the First Sino-Japanese War a celebration was held at an open-air concert by Japanese prostitutes who performed a dance in Broome in 1895.[41]

The development of the Japanese enclave in Singapore at Middle Road, Singapore was connected to the establishment of brothels east of the Singapore River, namely along Hylam, Malabar, Malay and Bugis Streets during the late 1890s.[42] The Japanese prostitutes or Karayuki-san dubbed Malay Street as Suteretsu, a transliteration of the English word "street". A Japanese reporter in 1910 described the scene for the people of Kyūshū in a local newspaper, the Fukuoka Nichinichi:

Around nine o'clock, I went to see the infamous Malay Street. The buildings were constructed in a western style with their facades painted blue. Under the verandah hung red gas lanterns with numbers such as one, two or three, and wicker chairs were arranged beneath the lanterns. Hundreds and hundreds of young Japanese girls were sitting on the chairs calling out to passers-by, chatting and laughing... most of them were wearing yukata of striking colours... Most of them were young girls under 20 years of age. I learned from a maid at the hotel that the majority of these girls came from Shimabara and Amakusa in Kyūshū...[43]

During the Meiji era, many Japanese girls from poor households were taken to East Asia and Southeast Asia in the second half of the 19th century to work as prostitutes. Many of these women are said to have originated from the Amakusa Islands of Kumamoto Prefecture, which had a large and long-stigmatised Japanese Christian community[dubious – discuss]. Referred to as Karayuki-san (Hiragana: からゆきさん, Kanji: 唐行きさん literally "Ms. Gone-overseas"), they were found at the Japanese enclave along Hylam, Malabar, Malay and Bugis Streets until World War II.[44]

The vast majority of Japanese emigrants to Southeast Asia in the early Meiji period were prostitutes (Karayuki-san), who worked in brothels in Malaya, Singapore,[45] Philippines, Dutch East Indies and French Indochina.

Most early Japanese residents of Singapore consisted largely of prostitutes, who would later become known by the collective name of "karayuki-san". The earliest Japanese prostitutes are believed to have arrived 1870 or 1871; by 1889, there were 134 of them.[46] From 1895 to 1918, Japanese authorities turned a blind eye to the emigration of Japanese women to work in brothels in Southeast Asia.[47] According to the Japanese consul in Singapore, almost all of the 450 to 600 Japanese residents of Singapore in 1895 were prostitutes and their pimps, or concubines; fewer than 20 were engaged in "respectable trades".[48] In 1895, there were no Japanese schools or public organisations, and the Japanese consulate maintained only minimal influence over their nationals; brothel owners were the dominating force in the community. Along with victory in the Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese state's increasing assertiveness brought changes to the official status of Japanese nationals overseas; they attained formal legal equality with Europeans.[49] That year, the Japanese community was also given official permission by the government to create their own cemetery, on twelve acres of land in Serangoon outside of the urbanised area; in reality, the site had already been used as a burial ground for Japanese as early as 1888.[50]

However, even with these changes in their official status, the community itself remained prostitution-based.[51] Prostitutes were the vanguard of what one pair of scholars describes as the "karayuki-led economic advance into Southeast Asia".[52] It was specifically seen by the authorities as a way to develop a Japanese economic base in the region; profits extracted from the prostitution trade were used to accumulate capital and diversify Japanese economic interests.[47] The prostitutes served as both creditors and customers to other Japanese: they loaned out their earnings to other Japanese residents trying to start businesses, and patronised Japanese tailors, doctors, and grocery stores.[52] By the time of the Russo-Japanese War, the number of Japanese prostitutes in Singapore may have been as large as 700.[47] They were concentrated around Malay Street (now Middle Road).[43] However, with Southeast Asia cut off from European imports due to World War I, Japanese products began making inroads as replacements, triggering the shift towards retailing and trade as the economic basis of the Japanese community.[51]

In film and literature

edit

The Japanese film studios shot a number of films in Shonan (what the Japanese renamed Singapore during the occupation in World War II) depicting the area as a sort of Japanese frontier. Films such as Southern Winds II (続・南の風, 1942, Shochiku Studios), Tiger of Malay (マライの虎, 1942, Daiei Studios) or Singapore All-Out Attack (シンガポール総攻撃, 1943, Daiei Studios) presented the area as a land rich in resources, occupied by simple but honest people, and highly exotic.[53] Japanese colonial films also associated the region with sex as many "Karayuki-san", or prostitutes had been either sold to brothels or chosen to go to Southeast Asia to earn money around the turn of the century. Karayuki-san (からゆきさん, 1937, Toho Studios), Kinoshita Keisuke's Flowering Port (花咲く港, 1943, Shochiku Studios), and Shohei Imamura's Whoremonger (女衒, 1987, Toei Studios), which were all or at least partly shot on location, are examples of the extent to which this subgenre dominates the representations of Malaysia in Japanese cinema.[54]

The 2021 award-winning novel 'The Punkhawala and the Prostitute' written by Wesley Leon Aroozoo and published by Epigram Books followed the life of Oseki, a Karayuki-san in Singapore. The novel is a Singapore Books Award Winner and finalist for the Epigram Books Fiction Prize.

The 1975 film Karayuki-san, the Making of a Prostitute directed by Shohei Imamura, the 1974 film Sandakan No. 8 directed by Kei Kumai,[55] and the Shimabara Lullaby by Kohei Miyazaki were about the karayuki-san.

The memoir of Keiko Karayuki-san in Siam was written about Karayuki-san in Thailand.[56] Ah Ku and Karayuki-san: Prostitution in Singapore, 1870–1940 was written about karayuki-san in Singapore.[57]

Postcards were made in French colonial Indo-China of Japanese prostitutes,[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] and in British ruled Singapore.[66][67][68]

Harry La Tourette Foster wrote that 'in years past, old-timers say, the entire Orient was filled with Japanese prostitutes, until the Japanese had much the same reputation as the French have in foreign cities elsewhere'.[69]

The experience of Japanese prostitutes in China was written about in a book by a Japanese woman, Tomoko Yamazaki.[70][71][72][73][74][75][76]

During her years as a prostitute, Yamada Waka serviced both Chinese men and Japanese men.[77]

See also

References

最後編輯於 15 天前2001 :569:6FF1:B5AC:7557:8691:D95:B283

性奴役

旨在利用奴隸進行性行為的奴隸制

馬來西亞賣淫

山打根日本人墓地

馬來西亞沙巴公墓

Wikipedia

除非另有說明，內容可依CC BY-SA 4.0提供。

隱私權政策使用條款桌面

Wikipedia

Karayuki-san

Article Talk

Language

Download PDF

Watch

Edit

Karayuki-san in Saigon, French Indochina

History

edit

Karayuki-san (唐行きさん, literally "Ms. Gone-to-China" – the meaning later evolved during the Meiji era to mean "Ms. Gone Abroad")[1] were Japanese women who travelled to, or were trafficked, to various parts of the Asia-Pacific region during the second half of the 19th, and the first half of the 20th centuries, to work as prostitutes, courtesans, and geisha.[2] During this period, there was a network of Japanese prostitutes being trafficked across Asia, in what was then known as the ’Yellow Slave Traffic’.[3]

Many of the women who went overseas to work as karayuki-san were the daughters of poor farming or fishing families, or were burakumin. The mediators, both male and female, who arranged for the women to go overseas would search for those of appropriate age in poor farming communities and pay their parents, telling them they were going overseas on public duty. The mediators would then make money by passing the girls on to people in the prostitution industry. With the money the mediators received, some would go on to set up their own overseas brothels.[citation needed]

Near the end of the Meiji period there were a great number of karayuki-san, and the girls that went on these overseas voyages were known fondly as joshigun (女子軍), or "female army."[citation needed] However the reality was that many courtesans led sad and lonely lives in exile and often died young from sexual diseases, neglect and despair. With the greater international influence of Japan as it became a Great Power, things began to change, and soon karayuki-san were considered shameful. During the 1910s and 1920s, Japanese officials overseas worked hard to eliminate Japanese brothels and maintain Japanese prestige,[4][5] although not always with absolute success. Many karayuki-san returned to Japan, but some remained.

After the Pacific War, the topic of karayuki-san was a little known fact of Japan's pre-war underbelly. But in 1972 Tomoko Yamazaki published Sandakan Brothel No. 8 which raised awareness of karayuki-san and encouraged further research and reporting.[citation needed]

The main destinations of karayuki-san included China (particularly Shanghai), Korea, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Indonesia (especially Borneo and Sumatra),[6] Thailand, and the western USA (in particular San Francisco). They were often sent to Western colonies in Asia where there was a strong demand from Western military personnel and Chinese men.[7] There were cases of Japanese women being sent to places as far as Siberia, Manchuria, Hawaii, North America (California), and Africa (Zanzibar). In Karachi and Bombay there were Japanese prostitutes to be found.[8][9]

The role of Japanese prostitutes in the expansion of Meiji Japan's imperialism has been examined in academic studies.[10]

In the Russian Far East, east of Lake Baikal, Japanese prostitutes and merchants made up the majority of the Japanese community in the region after the 1860s.[11] Japanese nationalist groups like the Black Ocean Society (Genyōsha) and Amur River Society-(Kokuryūkai), glorified and applauded the 'Amazon army' of Japanese prostitutes in the Russian Far East and Manchuria and enrolled them as members.[12] Certain missions and intelligence gathering were performed around Vladivostok and Irkutsk by Japanese prostitutes.[13]

The Sino-French War led to French soldiers creating a market for karayuki-san Japanese women prostitutes, eventually prostitutes made up the bulk of Indochina's Japanese population by 1908.[14]

In the late 19th century Japanese girls and women were sold into prostitution and trafficked from Nagasaki and Kumamoto to cities like Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, and Singapore and then sent to other places in the Pacific, Southeast Asia and Western Australia, they were called Karayuki-san.[15] In Western Australia these Japanese prostitutes plied their trade and also entered into other activities, a lot of them wed Chinese men and Japanese men as husbands and others some took Malay, Filipino and European partners.[16]

Japanese girls were easily trafficked abroad since Korean and Chinese ports did not require Japanese citizens to use passports and the Japanese government realized that money earned by the karayuki-san helped the Japanese economy since it was being remitted,[17][18] and the Chinese boycott of Japanese products in 1919 led to reliance on revenue from the karayuki-san.[19] Since the Japanese viewed non-Westerners as inferior, the karayuki-san Japanese women felt humiliated since they mainly sexually served Chinese men, Korean men or native Southeast Asians.[20] Borneo natives, Malaysians, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, French, American, British and men from every race utilized the Japanese prostitutes of Sandakan.[21] A Japanese woman named Osaki said that the men, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, whites, and natives, were dealt with alike by the prostitutes regardless of race, and that a Japanese prostitute's "most disgusting customers" were Japanese men, while they used "kind enough" to describe Chinese and Korean men, and the English and Americans were the second best clients, while the native men were the best and fastest to have sex with.[22] The nine Japanese managed brothels of Sandakan made up the bulk of brothels in Sandakan.[23] Two Japanese brothels were located in Kuudatsu while no Chinese brothels were to be found there.[24] There was hearsay that a Chinese man married the older sister of Yamashita Tatsuno.[25]

During the American period, Japanese economic ties to the Philippines expanded tremendously and by 1929 Japan was the largest trading partner to the Philippines after the United States. Economic investment was accompanied by large-scale immigration of Japanese to the Philippines, mainly merchants, gardeners and prostitutes ('karayuki san'). Davao in Mindanao had at that time over 20,000 ethnic Japanese residents.

Between ca. 1872 and 1940 large numbers of Japanese prostitutes (karayuki-san) worked in brothels of the Dutch East Indies archipelago.[26]

In Australia and Singapore

edit

The immigrants coming to northern Australia were Melanesian, South-East Asian, and Chinese who were almost all men, along with the Japanese, who were the only anomaly in that they included women. Racist Australians who subscribed to white supremacy were grateful for and condoned the immigration of Japanese prostitutes since these non-white labourers satisfied their sexual needs with Japanese women instead of white women since they didn't want white women having sex with the non-white males. In Australia the definition of white was even narrowed down to people of Anglo-Saxon British origin.[27] Italian and French women were also considered "foreign" prostitutes alongside Japanese women and were supported by the police and governments in Western Australia to ply their trade since these women would service "coloured" men and act as a safeguard for British white Anglo-Saxon women. The Honourable R.H. Underwood, a politician in western Australia, celebrated the fact that there were many Italian, Japanese, and French prostitutes in western Australia in an address to the Legislative Assembly in 1915.[28]

In Western and Eastern Australia, gold mining Chinese men were serviced by Japanese Karayuki-san prostitutes. In Northern Australia in the sugarcane, pearling and mining industries, the Japanese prostitutes serviced Kanakas, Malays, and Chinese. These women arrived in Australia or America via Kuala Lumpur and Singapore where they were instructed in prostitution. They originated from Japan's poor farming areas and the Australian colonial officials approved of allowing in Japanese prostitutes in order to sexually service "coloured' men, since they thought that white women would be raped if the Japanese prostitutes weren't available.[29]

Port towns experienced benefits to their economies from the presence of Japanese brothels.[30]

Japanese prostitutes were embraced by the officials in Queensland since they were assumed to help stop white women having sex with nonwhite men. Italian, French, and Japanese prostitutes plied their trade in Western Australia.[31]

On the goldfields Japanese prostitutes were attacked by anti-Asian white Australians who wanted them to leave, with Raymond Radclyffe in 1896 and Rae Frances reporting on men who demanded that the Japanese prostitutes be expelled from gold fields.[32]

Japanese women prostitutes in Australia were the 3rd most widespread profession. The Queensland Police Comiissionee said that they were "a service essential to the economic growth of the north", "made life more palatable for European and Asian men who worked in pearling, mining and pastoral industries" and it was written that "the supply of Japanese women for the Kanaka demand is less revolting and degrading than would be the case were it met by white women".[33]

Between 1890 and 1894 Singapore received 3,222 Japanese women who were trafficked from Japan by the Japanese man Muraoka Iheiji, before being trafficked to Singapore or further destinations. For a few months, the Japanese women would be held in Hong Kong. Even though the Japanese government tried banning Japanese prostitutes from leaving Japan in 1896 the measure failed to stop the trafficking of Japanese women and a ban in Singapore against importing the women failed too. In the 1890s Australia began receiving immigration in the form of Japanese women working as prostitutes. In 1896, there were 200 Japanese prostitutes in Australia. In Darwin, 19 Japanese women were found by the Japanese official H. Sato in 1889. The Japanese man Takada Tokujiro had trafficked 5 of the women via Hong Kong from Nagasaki. He "had sold one to a Malay barber for £50, two to a Chinese at £40 each, one he had kept as his concubine; the fifth he was working as a prostitute".[34] Sato said that the women were living "a shameful life to the disgrace of their countrymen'.[35]

Around areas like ports, mines, and the pastoral industry, numerous European and Chinese men patronized Japanese prostitutes such as Matsuwe Otana.[36]

During the late 1880s to the 20th century Australian brothels were filled with hundreds of Japanese women. Those Japanese overseas women and girl prostitutes were called karayuki-san, which meant 'gone to China'.[37]

Japanese prostitutes initially showed up in 1887 in Australia and were a major component of the prostitution industry on the colonial frontiers in Australia such as parts of Queensland, northern and western Australia. The British Empire and Japanese Empire's growth were tied in with the karayuki-san. In the late 19th century, Japan's impoverished farming islands provided the girls who became karayuki-san and were shipped to the Pacific and South-East Asia. The volcanic and mountainous terrain of Kyushu was bad for agriculture so parents sold their daughters, some of them as young as seven years old to "flesh traders" (zegen) in the prefectures of Nagasaki and Kumamoto. Four-fifths of the girls were involuntarily trafficked while only one-fifth left of their own will.[38]

After the First Sino-Japanese War a celebration was held at an open-air concert by Japanese prostitutes who performed a dance in Broome in 1895.[41]

In film and literature

edit

Postcards were made in French colonial Indo-China of Japanese prostitutes,[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] and in British ruled Singapore.[66][67][68]

The experience of Japanese prostitutes in China was written about in a book by a Japanese woman, Tomoko Yamazaki.[70][71][72][73][74][75][76]

During her years as a prostitute, Yamada Waka serviced both Chinese men and Japanese men.[77]

書單

置頂文章

唐行きさん（唐行きさん）

沒有留言:

張貼留言

德國法院可能剛剛戳破了拜登時代最大的謊言之一