土肥原贤二

Kenji Doihara

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Doihara Kenji

Doihara in c. 1941~45

Nickname(s) Lawrence of Manchuria, a reference to T. E. Lawrence

Born 8 August 1883

Okayama, Japan

Died 23 December 1948 (aged 65)

Sugamo Prison, Tokyo, Occupied Japan

Cause of death Execution by hanging

Allegiance Empire of Japan

Service/branch Imperial Japanese Army

Years of service 1904–1945

Rank General

Commands held 14th Division

Fifth Army

Seventh Area Army

Battles/wars Siberian Intervention

Second Sino-Japanese War

World War II

Awards Order of the Rising Sun

Kenji Doihara (土肥原賢二, Doihara Kenji, 8 August 1883 – 23 December 1948) was a Japanese army officer. As a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, he was instrumental in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.

As a leading intelligence officer, he played a key role to the Japanese machinations that led to the occupation of Manchukuo and he became the leader of the Manchukuo drug trade after taking over the market.

After the end of World War II, he was prosecuted for war crimes in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. He was found guilty, sentenced to death, and hanged in December 1948.

Early life and career

Doihara in army cadet uniform, 1903

Assassination of Zhang Zuolin, 4 June 1928

Kenji Doihara was born in Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture. He attended military preparatory schools as a youth, and graduated from the 16th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1904. He was assigned to various infantry regiments as a junior officer, and returned to school to graduate from the 24th class of the Army Staff College in 1912.

Doihara longed for a high-ranking military career, but his family's low social status stood in the way. He therefore contrived to use his 15-year-old sister as a concubine for a prince, who in exchange, rewarded him with a military rank and a posting to the Japanese embassy in Beijing as assistant to the military attaché General Hideki Tōjō.[1][2][3] After that, Doihara quickly rose within the ranks of the army. He spent most of his early career in various postings in northern China, except for a brief tour in 1921-1922 as part of the Japanese forces in eastern Russia during the Siberian Intervention. He was attached to IJA 2nd Infantry Regiment from 1926 to 1927 and IJA 3rd Infantry Regiment in 1927. In 1927, he was part of an official tour to China and then attached to IJA 1st Division from 1927 to 1928.

He learned to speak fluent Mandarin Chinese, and with this, he managed to take a position in military intelligence. From that post in 1928, it was he who masterminded the assassination of Zhang Zuolin, the Chinese warlord who controlled Manchuria, devising a scheme to detonate Zuolin's train as it traveled from Beijing to Shenyang. After that he was made military adviser to the Kuomintang Government until 1929. In 1930, he was promoted to colonel and commanded IJA 30th Infantry Regiment.

Member of the "Eleven Reliable" clique

Doihara's performance was recognized, and by 1930 he was assigned to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office. There, together with Hideki Tojo, Seishirō Itagaki, Daisaku Komoto, Yoshio Kudo, Masakasu Matsumara and others, he became a chosen member of the "Eleven Reliable" circle of officers. The Eleven Reliable clique was an external tool of a more closed group of three influential senior military officers called the "Three Crows" (Tetsuzan Nagata, Yasuji Okamura and Toshishiro Obata) who wanted to modernize the Japanese military and to purge it of its anachronistic samurai tradition and the dominant allied clans of Chōshū and Satsuma that favored that tradition. The real sponsor behind both two bodies was Field Marshal Royal Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni, uncle and advisor of the Emperor Hirohito, and responsible for eight fake coups d'état, four assassinations, two religious hoaxes, and countless threats of murder and blackmail between 1930 and 1936 in his effort to neutralize the Japanese moderates, who opposed war, by spreading terror.[citation needed] Higashikuni highly favored covered work by faithful officers inside the intelligence departments in order to bring about the political program of his own clique named Tōseiha. This clique had a decisive materialistic, westernizing approach on the issue of the Empire's expansion, in a rather colonization-like fashion, as opposed to the rival Kōdōha clique which was for a more "spiritual" way of expansion as an effort to liberate and unite all Asian peoples under a racial, not nationalistic Empire. Kōdōha, headed by Gen. Sadao Araki, under the national socialistic, totalitarian and populistic philosophical influence of Ikki Kita charged Tōseiha for collusion with the Zaibatsu financial conglomerate business clique, or to simply put it, for amoralism and pro-capitalism.[4] It is not quite clear whether Doihara joined the movement for ideological or opportunistic reasons, but in any case, from then on his military career accelerated. In 1931, he became head of the military espionage operations of the Japanese Army of Manchuria in Tianjin. The following year, he was transferred to Shenyang as head of the Houten Special Agency, the military intelligence service of the Japanese Kwantung Army.

"Lawrence of Manchuria”

A section of the Liǔtiáo railway where Suemori Komoto under Doihara's orders planted the bomb that triggered the Japanese invasion in Manchuria. The caption reads "railway fragment".

Harvest of poppy in Manchukuo used for opium production

While at Tianjin, Doihara, together with Seishirō Itagaki engineered the infamous Mukden Incident by ordering Lieutenant Suemori Komoto to place and fire a bomb near the tracks at the time when a Japanese train passed through. In the event, the bomb was so unexpectedly weak and the damage of the tracks so negligible that the train passed undamaged, but the Imperial Japanese Government still blamed the Chinese military for an unprovoked attack, invaded and occupied Manchuria. During the invasion, Doihara facilitated the tactical cooperation between the Northeastern Army Generals Xi Qia in Jilin, Zhang Jinghui in Harbin and Zhang Haipeng at Taonan in the northwest of Liaoning province.

Next, Doihara took the task to return former Qing dynasty Emperor Puyi to Manchuria as to give legitimacy to the puppet regime. The plan was to pretend that Puyi had returned to resume his throne due to imaginary popular demand of the people of Manchuria and that although Japan had nothing to do with his return, it could do nothing to oppose the will of the people. To carry out the plan, it was necessary to land Puyi at Yingkou before that port froze; therefore, he had to arrive there before 16 November 1931. With the help of the spy Kawashima Yoshiko, a relative of Puyi, he succeeded in bringing him into Manchuria within the deadline.

In early 1932, Doihara was sent to head the Harbin Special Agency of the Kwantung Army, where he began negotiations with General Ma Zhanshan after he had been driven from Qiqihar by the Japanese. Ma's position was ambiguous; he continued negotiations while he supported Harbin-based General Ding Chao. When Doihara realized his negotiations were not going anywhere, he requested that Manchurian warlord Xi Qia advance with his forces to take Harbin from General Ding Chao. However, General Ding Chao was able to defeat Xi Qia's forces, and Doihara realized he would need Japanese forces to succeed. Doihara engineered a riot in Harbin to justify their intervention. That resulted in the IJA 12th Division under General Jirō Tamon coming from Mukden by rail and then marching through the snow to reinforce the attack. Harbin fell on 5 February 1932. By the end of February, General Ding Chao retreated into northeastern Manchuria and offered to cease hostilities, ending Chinese formal resistance in Manchukuo. Within a month, the puppet state of Manchukuo was established under Doihara's supervision who had named himself mayor of Mukden. He then arranged for the puppet government to ask Tokyo to supply "military advice". During the next months 150,000 soldiers, 18,000 gendarmes and 4,000 secret police came into the newly founded protectorate. He used them as an occupying army, imposing slave labour and spreading terror to force the 30 million Chinese inhabitants into abject submission.[5]

Ma's fame as an uncompromising fighter against the Japanese invaders survived after his defeat and so Doihara made contact with him offering a huge sum of money and the command of the puppet state's army if he would defect to the new Manchurian government. Ma pretended that he agreed and flew to Mukden in January 1932, where he attended the meeting on which the state of Manchukuo was founded and was appointed War Minister of Manchukuo and Governor of Heilongjiang Province. Then, after using the Japanese funds to raise and re-equip a new volunteer force, on 1 April 1932, he led his troops to Qiqihar, re-establishing the Heilongjiang Provincial Government as part of the Republic of China and resumed the fight against the Japanese.

From 1932 to 1933, the newly promoted Major General Doihara commanded IJA 9th Infantry Brigade of IJA 5th Division. After the seizure of Rehe in Operation Nekka, Doihara was sent back to Manchukuo to head Houten Special Agency once again until 1934. He was then attached to IJA 12th Division until 1936.

For the key role he played in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, he earned the nickname "Lawrence of Manchuria," a reference to Lawrence of Arabia. However, according to Jamie Bisher, the flattering sobriquet was rather misapplied, as that Colonel T.E. Lawrence had fought to liberate, not to oppress people.[6]

Criminal activities

As chief of the Japanese secret services in Manchukuo, he worked out, put in motion, and oversaw a wide series of activities including taking over the already existing Manchurian drug trade and its revenue.[7]

He initially gave food and shelter to tens of thousands of Russian White émigré women who had taken refuge in the Far East after the defeat of the White Russian anti-Bolshevik movement during the Russian Civil War and the withdrawal of the Entente and Japanese armies from Siberia. Having lost their livelihoods, and with most of them widowed, Doihara forced the Russian women into prostitution, using them to create a network of brothels throughout Manchukuo where they worked under inhuman conditions. The use of heroin and opium was promoted to them as a way to tolerate their miserable fate. Once addicted, the Russian women were used to further spread the use of opium among the population by earning one free opium pipe for every six they were selling to their customers. Doihara addicted White Russians to narcotics to force them to work for him as agents in his takeover of Manchukuo.[8]

Chinese already consumed major amounts of opium over a century before the war with Japan and all Chinese factions like the warlords and Kuomintang themselves used opium trafficking as revenue while fighting against Japan. The warlord Zhang Zuolin who ruled Manchuria before Japan's invasion of Manchuria and establishment of Manchukuo himself used opium. Local Chinese triads took over the opium market in China from the British after the Opium wars and most of the money earned by opium trafficking in China went to local Chinese factions. Chinese triads and warlords and Kuomintang both grew their own opium in China and imported foreign Persian opium. Doihara and other Japanese did not introduce opium addiction or trafficking to China but tried to cut into the already established opium drug market and tap it for revenue to finance Japan. According to the Tokyo tribunal, Japan began by seizing a shipment of Persian opium that was being imported into China by Chinese and used it to finance Manchukuo. Winning the necessary support from the authorities in Tokyo he persuaded the Japanese tobacco industry Mitsui of Mitsui Zaibatsu to produce special cigarettes bearing the popular to the Far East trademark "Golden Bat". Their circulation was prohibited in Japan, as they were intended only for export. Doihara's services controlled their distribution in Manchuria where the full production was exported. In the mouthpiece of each cigarette a small dose of heroin was concealed. According to testimony presented at the Tokyo War Crimes trials in 1948, the revenue from the narcotization policy in Manchukuo, China, was estimated as twenty to thirty million yen per year, while another authority[who?] stated during the trial that the annual revenue was estimated by the Japanese military at 300 million dollars a year.[9]

The post-war Tokyo International Military Tribunal of the Far East accused the Japanese like Doihara of using Manchukuo as a proxy front to sell drugs to places all over the world in order to raise money, instead of doing selling them directly from Japan to avert blame.

Second Sino-Japanese War and Second World War

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Doihara in a press photo in Tokyo during 1936, by then a Lt. General

From 1936 to 1937, Doihara was the commander of the 1st Depot Division in Japan until the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, when he was given command of the IJA 14th Division under the Japanese First Army in North China. There, he served in the Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation and spearheaded the campaign of Northern and Eastern Henan, where his division opposed the Chinese counterattack in the Battle of Lanfeng.

After the Battle of Lanfeng, Doihara was attached to the Army General Staff as head of the Doihara Special Agency until 1939, when he was given command of the Japanese Fifth Army, in Manchukuo under the overall control of the Kwantung Army.

In 1940, Doihara became a member of the Supreme War Council.[10] He then became head of the Army Aeronautical Department of the Ministry of War, and Inspector-General of Army Aviation until 1943. From 1940 to 1941, he was appointed Commandant of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. On 4 November 1941, as a general in the Japanese Army Air Force and a member of the Supreme War Council he voted his approval of the attack on Pearl Harbor.

In 1943, Doihara was made Commander in Chief of the Eastern District Army. In 1944, he was appointed the Governor of Johor State, Malaya, and commander in chief of the Japanese Seventh Area Army in Singapore until 1945.

Returning to Japan in 1945, Doihara was promoted to Inspector-General of Military Training (one of the most prestigious positions in the Army) and commander in chief of the Japanese Twelfth Area Army. At the time of the surrender of Japan in 1945, Doihara was commander in chief of the 1st General Army.

Prosecution and conviction

His arrest, accused for war crimes

During his trial before the International Military Tribunal of the Far East. First in the front row from left to right

Last writing of the Class-A War Criminals (Kenji Doihara, Iwane Matsui, Hideki Tojo and Akira Muto)

Kenji Doihara in 1948

After the surrender of Japan, he was arrested by the Allied occupation authorities and tried before the International Military Tribunal of the Far East as a Class A war criminal together with other members of the Manchurian administration responsible for the Japanese policies there. He was found guilty on counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, and 54 and was sentenced to death, while his close colleague Naoki Hoshino, financial expert and director of the Japanese State Opium Monopoly Bureau in Manchuria, was sentenced to life imprisonment. According to the indictment, as tools of successive Japanese governments they: "... pursued a systematic policy of weakening the native inhabitants' will to resist ... by directly and indirectly encouraging the increased production and importation of opium and other narcotics and by promoting the sale and consumption of such drugs among such people." The indictment also stated "The principle sources of opium and narcotics at the time of the Mukden Incident and for some time thereafter, was Korea, where the Japanese Government operated a factory in the town of Seoul for the preparation of opium and narcotics. Persian opium was also imported into the Far East. The Japanese Army seized a huge shipment of this opium, amounting to approximately 10 million ounces, and stored it in Formosa in 1929; this opium was to be used later to finance Japan's military campaigns. There was another source of illegal drugs in Formosa. The cocaine factory operated at Sinei by Finance Minister Takahashi of Japan until his assassination in 1936, produced from 200 to 300 kilos of cocaine per month. This was one factory that was given specific authority to sell its produce to raise revenue for war" and "Japan, having signed and ratified the opium conventions, was bound not to engage in drug traffic, but she found in the alleged but false independence of Manchukuo a convenient opportunity to carry on a worldwide drug traffic and cast the guilt upon that puppet State. A large part of the opium produced in Korea was sent to Manchuria. There, opium grown in Manchuria and imported from Korea and elsewhere, was manufactured and distributed throughout the world. In 1937, it was pointed out in the League of Nations that ninety per-cent of all illicit white drugs in the world were of Japanese origin..."[11] He was hanged on 23 December 1948 at Sugamo Prison.[12]

土肥原贤二
土肥原 c. 1941~45
昵称	满洲的劳伦斯，参考TE Lawrence
出生	1883 年 8 月 8 日日本冈山
死了	1948年12 月 23 日（65 岁）日本占领区东京巢鸭监狱
死亡原因	绞刑
忠诚	日本帝国
服务/分行	日本皇军
服务年限	1904–1945
秩	一般的
执行命令	第14师第五军第七方面军
战斗/战争	第二次世界大战西伯利亚干预第二次中日战争
奖项	旭日勋章

早年生活和职业生涯[编辑]

土肥原贤治出生于冈山县冈山市。青年时期就读于军事预备学校，1904年毕业于陆军士官学校第16期，后被分配到各个步兵团担任下级军官，后返回学校从陆军参谋部第24期毕业。 1912年上大学。

土肥原渴望获得高级军事生涯，但家庭的低社会地位阻碍了他的事业。因此，他想方设法用自己15岁的妹妹为太子做妾，作为交换，太子授予他军衔，并派往日本驻北京大使馆担任东条英机将军武官助理。^[1]^[2]^[3]此后，土肥原在军中迅速崛起。除了 1921 年至 1922 年西伯利亚干预期间作为日本军队的一部分在俄罗斯东部短暂出访外，他早期的职业生涯大部分时间都在中国北方的各种岗位上度过。1926年至1927年，他隶属于IJA第2步兵团，1927年隶属于IJA第3步兵团。1927年，他参加了对中国的正式访问，然后从1927年至1928年隶属于IJA第1师。

他学会了说一口流利的普通话，并以此在军事情报部门谋得一职。1928年担任该职务后，正是他策划了对控制满洲的中国军阀张作霖的暗杀，并设计了一个计划，在从北京开往沉阳的佐林火车上引爆。此后，他被任命为国民党政府军事顾问，直至1929年。1930年，他晋升为上校，并指挥日本陆军第30步兵团。

“十一可靠”集团成员[编辑]

土肥原的表现得到认可，到 1930 年他被分配到日本帝国陆军总参谋部。在那里，他与东条英机、板垣征四郎、小本大作、工藤义夫、松原正康等人一起，被选为“十一可靠”军官圈中的一员。“十一可靠”集团是一个由三名有影响力的高级军官组成的更为封闭的团体的外部工具，该团体被称为“三只乌鸦”（永田铁山、冈村康二和小畑敏四郎），他们想要实现日本军队的现代化并清除不合时宜的武士。传统以及支持这一传统的长州和萨摩的主要同盟氏族。这两个机构背后的真正赞助者是陆军元帅东国德彦亲王，他是裕仁天皇的叔叔和顾问，他对 1930 年至 1930 年间的八次假政变、四次暗杀、两次宗教骗局以及无数的谋杀威胁和勒索负有责任。 1936年，他通过散布恐怖来压制反对战争的日本温和派。^{[需要引文]}东国高度重视情报部门内部忠实官员的掩护工作，以实现他自己的东正派集团的政治计划。这个派系在帝国扩张问题上采取了果断的唯物主义、西方化的态度，以一种相当殖民化的方式，而不是竞争对手科多哈派系，后者寻求一种更“精神”的扩张方式，以实现解放和团结。所有亚洲人民都处于一个种族而非民族主义帝国之下。以荒木贞夫将军为首的红土派，在北一辉的国家社会主义、极权主义和民粹主义哲学影响下，指责东正叶与财阀金融集团的商业集团勾结，或者简单地说，是无道德主义和亲资本主义的。^[4]目前尚不清楚土肥原加入运动是出于意识形态还是机会主义原因，但无论如何，从那时起，他的军事生涯加速了。1931年，任日本满洲军驻天津军事间谍活动负责人。次年，他被调往沉阳，担任日本关东军军事情报部门后天特工处处长。

《满洲的劳伦斯》[编辑]

在天津期间，土肥原与板垣诚四郎一起策划了臭名昭著的奉天事件，命令小本末盛中尉在日本火车经过时在铁轨附近放置并发射炸弹。结果，炸弹的威力出乎意料地微弱，铁轨的损坏也微乎其微，火车毫发无伤地通过了，但日本帝国政府仍然指责中国军队无端攻击，入侵并占领了满洲。在入侵期间，土肥原促成了东北军将军西洽（吉林）、张景惠（哈尔滨）和张海鹏（辽宁省西北部洮南）之间的战术合作。

接下来，土肥原承担了将前清皇帝溥仪送回满洲的任务，以赋予伪政权合法性。其计划是假装溥仪因满洲人民的想象中的民众要求而回国恢复皇位，而日本虽然与他的回国无关，但却无法违背民意。为了执行这个计划，溥仪必须在营口港口结冰之前登陆。因此，他必须在1931年11月16日之前到达那里。在溥仪亲戚、间谍川岛芳子的帮助下，他成功地在期限内将溥仪带入了满洲里。

1932年初，土肥原被派往关东军哈尔滨特务署署长，在马占山将军被日本人赶出齐齐哈尔后，开始与马占山谈判。马云的立场是模棱两可的。他一边继续谈判，一边支持哈尔滨将军丁超。当土肥原意识到他的谈判毫无进展时，他请求满洲军阀西洽率军从丁超将军手中夺取哈尔滨。然而，丁超将军击败了西洽的军队，土肥原意识到他需要日本军队才能取得成功。土肥原在哈尔滨策划了一场骚乱，以证明他们的干预是正当的。这导致多闻二郎将军率领的日本陆军第12师从奉天乘铁路而来，然后在雪中行进以加强攻击。1932 年 2 月 5 日，哈尔滨陷落。2 月底，丁超将军撤退到满洲东北部，并提出停止敌对行动，结束了中国在满洲国的正式抵抗。一个月之内，伪满洲国在土肥原的监督下成立，土肥原自封为奉天市长。随后他安排傀儡政府要求东京提供“军事建议”。在接下来的几个月里，150,000 名士兵、18,000 名宪兵和 4,000 名秘密警察进入了新成立的保护地。他利用他们作为占领军，强加奴役，散布恐怖，迫使三千万中国居民卑躬屈膝。^[5]

马英九作为抗击日本侵略者的不妥协战士的名声在他战败后仍然存在，因此土肥原与他取得联系，如果他叛逃到新的满洲政府，他将提供巨额资金和傀儡国家军队的指挥权。1932年1月，马佯装同意飞往盛京，出席伪满洲国成立会议，并被任命为满洲国陆军部长兼黑龙江省省长。随后，他利用日本的资金筹集和重新装备了一支新的志愿军，并于1932年4月1日率部到达齐齐哈尔，重建了黑龙江省政府，成为中华民国的一部分，恢复了抗击日寇的斗争。日本人。

1932年至1933年，新晋升的土肥原少将指挥日本陆军第5师第9步兵旅。在“内卡行动”中夺取热河后，土肥原被派回满洲国，再次担任后天特务局局长，直到 1934 年。随后他被分配到日本陆军第 12 师团，直到 1936 年。

由于他在日本入侵满洲中发挥的关键作用，他赢得了“满洲的劳伦斯”的绰号，指的是阿拉伯的劳伦斯。然而，根据杰米·比舍尔 (Jamie Bisher) 的说法，这个讨人喜欢的绰号被误用了，因为T.E.上校劳伦斯为解放人民而战，而不是压迫人民。^[6]

犯罪活动[编辑]

作为日本在满洲国的特务机关的负责人，他制定、实施和监督了一系列广泛的活动，包括接管现有的满洲毒品贸易及其收入。^[7]

他最初为数以万计的俄罗斯白人移民妇女提供食物和住所，这些妇女在俄罗斯内战期间白俄反布尔什维克运动失败以及协约国和日本军队从西伯利亚撤军后前往远东避难。。由于失去了生计，而且大多数人都丧偶，土肥原强迫俄罗斯妇女卖淫，利用她们在整个满洲国建立妓院网络，她们在不人道的条件下工作。对他们来说，使用海洛因和鸦片是为了容忍他们悲惨的命运。一旦上瘾，俄罗斯妇女就被用来进一步在人口中传播鸦片的使用，她们每向顾客出售六根鸦片烟斗，就能获得一根免费的鸦片烟斗。土肥原让白俄罗斯人吸毒成瘾，迫使他们为他工作，成为他接管满洲国的代理人。^[8]

中国在抗日战争前一个多世纪就已经消费了大量的鸦片，中国各派系，如军阀和国民党本身，都在抗日战争中利用鸦片贩运作为收入。在日本入侵满洲并建立满洲国之前统治满洲的军阀张作霖本人也吸食鸦片。鸦片战争后，中国当地的黑社会从英国人手中接管了中国的鸦片市场，中国贩运鸦片所赚的大部分钱都流向了当地的中国派别。中国的黑社会、军阀和国民党都在中国种植自己的鸦片，并进口外国的波斯鸦片。土肥原和其他日本人并没有将鸦片成瘾或贩运引入中国，而是试图切入已经建立的鸦片毒品市场，并利用其收入为日本提供资金。据东京法庭称，日本首先扣押了一批由中国进口到中国的波斯鸦片，并用其为满洲国提供资金。他赢得了东京当局的必要支持，说服日本烟草公司三井财阀生产带有远东流行商标“金蝙蝠”的特殊卷烟。它们在日本被禁止流通，因为它们仅用于出口。土肥原的服务控制了它们在满洲的分销，并在那里将全部产品出口。每支香烟的烟嘴中都藏有小剂量的海洛因。根据1948年东京战争罪审判中提供的证词，中国满洲国的麻醉政策的收入估计为每年二千至三千万日元，而另一个当局^[谁？]在审判中表示，日本军方估计每年的收入为3亿美元。^[9]

战后东京远东国际军事法庭指责土肥原这样的日本人利用伪满洲国作为代理人，向世界各地出售毒品以筹集资金，而不是直接从日本出售毒品以避免受到指责。

第二次中日战争和第二次世界大战[编辑]

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1936年至1937年，土肥原任日本第1师团司令，直至卢沟桥事变后，被任命为驻华北日本第1军第14师团司令。在那里，他参加了平汉铁路作战，并领导了豫北和豫东战役，他所在的师在兰枫战役中抵抗了中国的反攻。

兰丰战役后，土肥原隶属于陆军总参谋部，担任土肥原特勤局局长，直到1939年，他被任命为日本第五军司令，驻扎在满洲国，由关东军全面控制。

1940年，土肥原成为最高战争委员会成员。^[10]随后，他担任陆军部陆军航空部部长和陆军航空监察长，直至1943年。1940年至1941年，他被任命为日本帝国陆军学院院长。1941 年 11 月 4 日，作为日本陆军航空兵将军和最高战争委员会成员，他投票支持袭击珍珠港。

1943年，土肥原被任命为东区军总司令。1944年，他被任命为马来亚柔佛州总督，并担任驻新加坡日本第七方面军总司令直至1945年。

1945年返回日本，土肥原升任军事训练总监（陆军中最负盛名的职位之一）和日本第十二方面军总司令。1945年日本投降时，土肥原担任第1总军司令。

检控及定罪[编辑]

日本投降后，他被盟军占领当局逮捕，并与负责日本政策的其他满洲政府成员一起作为甲级战犯在远东国际军事法庭受审。他因第 1、27、29、31、32、35、36 和 54 条罪名被判有罪并被判处死刑，而他的亲密同事、金融专家、日本驻满洲鸦片专卖局局长星野直树则被判处死刑。被判处无期徒刑。根据起诉书，作为历届日本政府的工具，他们：“......通过直接和间接鼓励增加鸦片和其他麻醉品的生产和进口，并通过促进这些人中此类药物的销售和消费。” 起诉书还指出，“在‘九一八事变’时及此后一段时间内，鸦片和麻醉品的主要来源是韩国，日本政府在韩国首尔镇经营一家工厂，用于制备鸦片和麻醉品。波斯鸦片1929年，日本陆军缴获了大批这种鸦片，约达1000万盎司，并储存在福尔摩沙；这些鸦片后来被用来资助日本的军事行动。福尔摩沙的非法毒品来源。可卡因工厂由日本财务大臣高桥在西内经营，直到 1936 年他被暗杀为止，每月生产 200 至 300 公斤可卡因。这是一家获得特别授权的工厂，可以将其产品出售给为战争筹集收入”和“日本签署并批准了鸦片公约，有义务不从事毒品贩运，但她在伪满洲国所谓的虚假独立中发现了一个便利的机会，可以在世界范围内进行毒品贩运，并投下那个傀儡国家有罪。朝鲜生产的鸦片有很大一部分被运往满洲。在那里，在满洲种植并从韩国和其他地方进口的鸦片被制造并销往世界各地。1937年，国际联盟指出，世界上百分之九十的非法白色毒品都源自日本……” ^[11]他于1948年12月23日在巢鸭监狱被绞死。^[12]

另请参阅[编辑]

日本战争罪行

参考文献[编辑]

^ 战争罪和种族灭绝百科全书，第 127 页，档案事实，莱斯利·艾伦·霍维茨和克里斯托弗·卡瑟伍德， ISBN 9780816060016，2006年
^ 间谍百科全书，第 313 页，Ronald Sydney Seth， ISBN 9780385016094，Doubleday，1974 年
^ 《 内部敌人：间谍史》，第 221 页，Terry Crowdy，Osprey Publishing， ISBN 9781846032172，2008年
^ Sims，明治维新以来的日本政治史 1868-2000
^ 白色恐怖：跨西伯利亚的哥萨克军阀，第 299 页，杰米·比舍尔，劳特利奇， ISBN 9780714656908，2005年
^ 杰米·比舍尔 (2005)。白色恐怖：跨西伯利亚的哥萨克军阀。劳特利奇。p。359.国际标准书号 0-714-65690-9。
^ 和平阴谋：汪精卫与中国战争，1937-1941，卷。67，《哈佛东亚系列》，哈佛大学东亚研究中心，哈佛大学出版社，1972 年
^ 白色恐怖：跨西伯利亚的哥萨克军阀，第 298 页，杰米·比舍尔，劳特利奇， ISBN 978-0714656908，2005年
^ 三井：日本商业的三个世纪，第 312-313 页，John G. Roberts，Weatherhill，1991 年， ISBN 9780834800809
^ 费正清，JK；高盛，M.（2006）。中国：新历史（第二版）。哈佛大学出版社。p。320.国际标准书号 9780674018280。
^ 鸦片帝国：亚洲的日本帝国主义和毒品贩运，1895-1945，约翰·M·詹宁斯，第 102 页，普拉格，1997 年， ISBN 0275957594
^ Maga，《东京的审判》

书籍[编辑]

WG 比斯利 (1991)。日本帝国主义 1894-1945 年。牛津大学出版社。国际标准书号 0-19-822168-1。
大卫·巴雷特（2001）。中国与日本的合作，1932-1945：包容的限制。斯坦福大学出版社。国际标准书号 0-8047-3768-1。
赫伯特·P·比克斯(2001)。裕仁与现代日本的形成。哈珀多年生植物。国际标准书号 0-06-093130-2。
理查德·富勒（1992）。Shokan：裕仁的武士。伦敦：武器与盔甲。国际标准书号 1-85409-151-4。
林三郎；阿尔文·D·考克斯 (1959)。Kogun：太平洋战争中的日本军队。弗吉尼亚州匡蒂科：海军陆战队协会。
马加，蒂莫西·P.（2001）。东京审判：日本战罪审判。肯塔基大学出版社。国际标准书号 0-8131-2177-9。
理查德·米尼尔 (Richard H.) (1971)。维克多的正义：东京战犯审判。美国新泽西州普林斯顿：普林斯顿大学出版社。
约翰·托兰(1970)。《旭日东升：日本帝国的衰亡与衰落 1936-1945》。兰登书屋。国际标准书号 0-8129-6858-1。
伯纳德·瓦瑟斯坦（1999）。上海的秘密战争：二战中间谍、阴谋和叛国的不为人知的故事。霍顿·米夫林。国际标准书号 0-395-98537-4。

外部链接[编辑]

阿门索普、斯蒂恩. “土肥原贤治”。第二次世界大战的将军。
《学者、傻瓜与通货膨胀》。时代杂志。1932 年 4 月 25 日。原始存档于2007年9月30日。检索于2008 年 8 月 14 日。
ZBW 20 世纪新闻档案中有关土肥原健二的剪报

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