為什麼保守和不寬容的瓦哈比派和薩拉菲派開始主導其他寬容和進步的伊斯蘭教士,特別是在南亞和東南亞?

我們將透過埃及了解穆斯林世界的現代主義與復興主義衝突。為了幫助您,這個答案分為三個部分:

I) 現代主義者來了!(1850 年至 1962 年)

II) 埃及的越南(=葉門)和珍珠港(=以色列)(1962-1970)

III)沙烏地阿拉伯是更好的系統

I) 現代主義者來了!

1881年,英國佔領了穆斯林獨立統治1200年的埃及。這一事件在整個地區引起了衝擊,並加速了至今仍然存在的政治分歧,即現代主義者(=尋求改革國家和效仿歐洲的穆斯林)和復興主義者(=尋求效仿舊哈里發的穆斯林),針對這種明顯的弱點和無力在全球範圍內與英國和法國競爭的問題。

埃及第一位偉大的現代主義思想家是大穆夫提·穆罕默德·阿卜杜赫,他敦促穆斯林結束與基督教的衝突,轉而尋求建立亞伯拉罕兄弟會,以實現思想和技術的自由流動,從而幫助埃及進步。他的行為打開了現代主義的大門,現代主義在中產階級中傳播,但華夫脫黨幫助鞏固了其地位。

華夫脫黨黨旗、伊斯蘭新月與基督教十字架象徵基督教與穆斯林的兄弟情誼

新的華夫脫黨標誌帶有基督教十字架,看起來更好看

該公司由曾經學習法國法律的埃及人 Saad Zaghloul 於 1919 年創立。扎格盧爾領導了一場現代主義民族主義運動,旨在結束英國的佔領並改革埃及。扎格盧爾在 1919 年革命中發揮了重要作用,這場革命迫使英格蘭於 1922 年獲得「獨立」。瓦赫德黨的成功見證了民族主義熱情和興奮的蔓延。隨著瓦赫德黨的停滯不前,但這種情況在十年內就會消失,但球已經開始滾動。

薩阿德·扎格魯爾

阿卜杜赫在埃及催生了現代主義,扎格盧爾給了現代主義雙腿,而將現代主義推向新高度的人是…。

納賽爾中校(1954-1970 年在位)

納賽爾應徵入伍並晉升為軍官,他說,有一次看到英國大使當眾斥責和嘲笑埃及國王,這讓他意識到1922年的獨立宣言是一場騙局。與扎格盧爾不同,他無意與英國人交朋友並友好地要求他們離開。

1952年,他參與了一場政變,迫使國王流亡並瓦解了英國的所有控制權。正是在這裡,埃及成為了一個現代主義國家。大多數人都聽說過納賽爾對頭巾的看法,但這就是他們對他觀點的了解的極限。

然而,自從阿卜杜建議與基督教和平相處以來,埃及現代主義的一個重要組成部分就是亞伯拉罕的統一。納賽爾制定了這項國家政策,承諾埃及基督徒平等,並命令愛資哈爾學院(可以將其視為哈佛,但針對伊斯蘭學者)扭轉對什葉派穆斯林、阿拉維派、德魯茲派等的政策。這導致了一項具有里程碑意義的公告。

愛資哈爾什葉派教令 - 維基百科
來自維基百科的免費百科全書愛資哈爾什葉派教令創建於17 Rabiʽ al-Awwal 1378 H (1959 M) 作者:Mahmud Shaltut 允許實踐什葉派法學的主體,就像實踐四個遜尼派馬扎布的法學一樣。愛資哈爾什葉派教令,阿拉伯語稱為「沙爾圖特教令」(阿拉伯語:فтубраний),是遜尼派學者謝赫·馬哈茂德·沙爾圖特於1959 年發布的關於什葉派與遜尼派關係主題的伊斯蘭教教令。在沙爾圖的領導下,遜尼派和什葉派的普世活動達到了頂峰。[1] 該追殺令是一群遜尼派和什葉派學者在 Dar al-Taqreeb al-Madhahib al-Islamiyyah(「匯集各種伊斯蘭思想學派的中心」)神學領域長達十年的合作成果。開羅愛資哈爾大學中心。其目的是彌合不同伊斯蘭學派之間的差距,促進相互尊重、理解和欣賞各流派對伊斯蘭法學發展的貢獻。[2] 然而,儘管有普世教令,沙爾圖特在擔任愛資哈爾大伊瑪目期間,拒絕在大學設立獨立的什葉派教席,而這是最大的願望之一,尤其是達爾富爾什葉派成員的最大願望之一。塔克雷布。[3] 這項罕見的追令承認數百年來被視為異端和偶像崇拜者的什葉派、阿拉維派和德魯茲派進入主流伊斯蘭教,被認為是受到埃及總統賈邁勒·阿卜杜勒·納賽爾的啟發。[4] 納賽爾將其視為在整個阿拉伯世界傳播他的吸引力和影響力的工具。[5] 2012年,由於愛資哈爾伊斯蘭主義傾向以及穆斯林兄弟會崛起成為領導層,愛資哈爾伊斯蘭研究學院院長發布了強烈反對1959年追殺令的追殺令。它禁止按照什葉派傳統進行崇拜,並譴責任何侮辱伊斯蘭先知穆罕默德的妻子或同伴的人為異端。愛資哈爾也出版了一本譴責什葉派的書。[6] 然而,2013年埃及政變後,愛資哈爾議會的謝赫·艾哈邁德·塔耶佈在一次採訪中再次重申了謝赫·沙爾圖特的立場[7] 另見[編輯] 參考資料[編輯] 外部連結[編輯]

從歷史上看,這些社區被視為非穆斯林,但納賽爾以亞伯拉罕團結的名義,讓埃及學者寫下了承認他們為穆斯林的追殺令。

因此,埃及是由一位反對頭巾、支持宗教和諧的世俗主義軍官統治的。

什麼地方出錯?

II) 埃及的越南(=葉門)和珍珠港(=以色列)(1962-1970)

納賽爾上校除了是個現代主義者之外,還是個泛阿拉伯主義者,他開始頻繁地介入其他阿拉伯國家的事務,從而導致了納賽爾主義運動的形成。1962年,也門皇家軍隊中的納賽爾什葉派和遜尼派穆斯林軍官發動政變推翻了國王,引發了內戰。

這場戰爭是一場絞肉機,納賽爾派遣了 13 萬軍隊援助被圍困的也門阿拉伯共和國。君主主義者拒絕進行常規戰鬥,寧願伏擊和屠殺車隊中的埃及人,或佔領孤立的前哨基地。

1967 年以色列入侵埃及之前的也門。黑色地區是共和黨佔據的領土,紅色地區是君主主義者佔據的領土。埃及及其盟國幾乎佔領了所有城市。

1967 年,蘇聯通知敘利亞以色列即將入侵。由於復興黨之間的意識形態內戰,大馬士革正在處決大部分軍官,因此強人/熱心劊子手薩拉赫·賈迪德敦促納賽爾保衛國家。由於無法從也門撤軍,納賽爾關閉了蒂朗海峽,剩下的就成為歷史了。

  • 以色列入侵
  • 西奈半島失落
  • 君主主義者利用這次大規模行動殺死了數十名埃及軍隊和當地共和軍
  • 納賽爾訴求和平,君主主義者藉此最大限度地羞辱埃及

整整一代埃及男人在也門度過了他們的成年早期,結果卻回到了破碎的經濟和失敗感和恥辱感。他們的許多朋友和親戚在也門或西奈半島喪生,許多人覺得現代主義國家辜負了他們。

為了改善這種狀況,納賽爾無意中向他的競爭對手沙烏地阿拉伯伸出了援手,為埃及現代主義的棺材上釘下了第一根釘子。

III)沙烏地阿拉伯是更好的系統

外國人可能不明白發生了什麼,所以我就這樣解釋一下。想像一下,如果美國經濟如此糟糕,尼克森總統要求蘇聯僱用 10% 的美國勞動力,讓他們住在俄羅斯。埃及就是這麼做的。

沙烏地家族接受了納賽爾的提議,認為既然可以親自向埃及人展示,為什麼還要透過廣播告訴埃及人復興主義瓦哈比王國的生活有多美好。

沙烏地家族受到了許多當之無愧的仇恨和批評,但外國人沒有承認的是,沙烏地王國擁有阿拉伯世界唯一發達的消費市場。

埃及人搬到王國工作,並注意到,在世俗的現代主義埃及,數百萬人失業或依靠國家養活他們,而在瓦哈比復興派沙烏地阿拉伯,公民擁有房屋,擁有幾輛汽車,從事這些他們稱之為“的奇怪事情”假期”並擁有“儲蓄帳戶”,這些在國內是聞所未聞的。過去,現代主義者可以依靠宣傳,根本不報道海灣地區的繁榮,但現在有數百萬埃及人在那裡…

沙烏地阿拉伯的一個郊區

繁榮和國家能力的明顯差距導致現代主義衰弱,越來越多的人懷疑這種意識形態。復興主義意識形態,不僅包括瓦哈比主義,還包括薩拉菲主義和更保守的正統哈納菲主義流派,在 20 世紀 80 年代復興,即現在所謂的伊斯蘭復興運動,因為復興派佔了上風。

1970 年納賽爾去世後,現代主義步履蹣跚。他的繼任者安瓦爾·薩達特(Anwar Sadat,1970-1981 年在位)也是其中之一,但當他被復興主義組織穆斯林兄弟會槍殺時,這種意識形態也隨之消亡。

胡斯尼·穆巴拉克(左)與安瓦爾·薩達特(右)

胡斯尼·穆巴拉克(Hosni Mubarak,1981-2011 年執政)和阿卜杜勒法塔赫·塞西(Abdelfatah Sisi,2014 年至今)在紙面上是現代主義者,但在實踐中,他們只是盜賊統治者,愛說什麼就說什麼。

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Ke'Aun 的個人資料照片

讓我想知道如果埃及更加孤立主義,現代主義將會如何發展。

現代主義可以在沒有泛阿拉伯主義的情況下運作嗎?

針對 99% 族群的託管安全平台!
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逃離德黑蘭 (2012),由班艾佛列克製作、導演並主演。它兜售這樣一個神話:1979 年,本·阿弗萊克(Ben Affleck) 策劃了一個絕妙的計謀,背後有中央情報局(CIA) 的強大和聰明才智,美國在德黑蘭營救了6 名逃離美國大使館襲擊的美國人。這是胡說八道。… _
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Why do the conservative and intolerant Wahhabi and Salafi begin to dominate over the other tolerant and progressive madhab, especially in South and Southeast Asia?
We’re going to learn about the Modernist v. Revivalist conflict in the Muslim World using Egypt. To help you along, this answer has three parts: I) The Modernists are coming! (1850ish to 1962) II) Egypt’s Vietnam (=Yemen) and Pearl Harbor (= Israel) (1962-1970) III) Saudi Arabia is the better system I) The Modernists are coming! In 1881, Britain occupied Egypt after 1,200 years of independent Muslim rule. This event sent shockwaves throughout the region and sped up the political division that still exists to this day, that of Modernists (= Muslims who sought to reform states and emulate Europe) and Revivalists (= Muslims who sought to emulate the Caliphates of old), in response to this evident weakness and inability to compete with Britain and France globally. The first great modernist thinker in Egypt was Grand Mufti Mohammed Abduh who urged Muslims to end the conflict with Christianity and instead seek to establish an Abrahamic fraternity which would see free movement of ideas and technology therefore helping Egypt improve. His actions opened the door to Modernism which spread amongst the middle class but it would be the Wafd party that helped cement its position. Wafd Party flag, the Islamic Crescent and Christian cross are meant to symbolize Christian-Muslim brotherhood The new Wafd Party logo with a Christian cross that is better looking Founded in 1919 by Saad Zaghloul, an Egyptian who studied French law. Zaghloul led a modernist-nationalist movement that sought to end the British occupation and reform Egypt. Zaghloul would play a major role in the 1919 revolution that forced England to grant “independence” in 1922. The Wahd party’s success saw nationalist fervor and excitement spread. This would die out within a decade as Wahd party stagnated but the ball had started rolling. Saad Zaghloul Abduh gave birth to Modernism in Egypt, Zaghloul gave Modernism legs and the person who took it to a new height was…. Lieutenant Colonel Nasser (r. 1954-1970) Nasser enlisted in the Egyptian army and worked his way up into an officer billet, he remarked once watching the British ambassador rebuke and mock the King of Egypt in public which made him realize the declaration of independence in 1922 was a sham. Unlike Zaghloul, he had zero intention of making friends with the British and asking them nicely to leave. In 1952, he participated in a coup that forced the King into exile and undid all control Britain had. It was here that Egypt had become a modernist state. Most people hear about Nasser’s views on the hijab and that’s the limit of their knowledge of his views. However, a big part of Egyptian modernism was Abrahamic unity ever since Abduh suggested making peace with Christianity. Nasser made this state policy by promising Egyptian Christians equality and ordered Al-Azhar (think of it as Harvard but for Islamic Scholars) to reverse the policy on Shia Muslims, Alawites, Druze and the like. This led to a landmark proclamation. Historically, these communities were deemed non-Muslims but it was Nasser, in the name of Abrahamic unity, who had Egyptian scholars write a fatwa recognizing them as Muslims. So Egypt was ruled by a secularist military officer who was anti-hijab and pro-religious harmony. What went wrong? II) Egypt’s Vietnam (=Yemen) and Pearl Harbor (= Israel) (1962-1970) In addition to being a modernist, Colonel Nasser was also a pan-Arabist and began to intervene frequently in the affairs of other Arab countries which led to the formation of the Nasserist movement. In 1962, Nasserist Shia and Sunni Muslim officers in the royal army of Yemen overthrew their King in a coup sparking a civil war. The war was a meat grinder as Nasser sent 130,000 troops to aid the besieged Yemen Arab Republic. The monarchists refused to fight conventional battles preferring to ambush and slaughter Egyptians in convoys or overrun isolated outposts. Yemen in 1967 before the Israeli invasion of Egypt. In Black is territory held by the Republicans, in Red territory held by the monarchists. Egypt and allies held virtually every city. Then in 1967, the Soviets informed Syria of an impending Israeli invasion. Damascus was in the process of executing most of its army officers due to an ideological civil war amongst Baathists so the strongman/enthusiastic executioner Salah Jadid urged Nasser to defend the country. Unable to divert troops from Yemen, Nasser had the Straits of Tiran closed and the rest is history. * Israel invaded * The Sinai was lost * The monarchists exploited the opportunity for massive operations killing scores of Egyptian troops and local Republican forces * Nasser sued for peace and the monarchists used this to humiliate Egypt as best as possible An entire generation of Egyptian men had spent their early adulthood in Yemen only to return to a broken economy and a sense of defeat and humiliation. Many of their friends and relatives had perished in Yemen or in the Sinai with many feeling that the Modernist state had failed them. In a bid to improve the situation, Nasser accidentally put the first nail in the coffin of Egyptian Modernism by reaching out to Saudi Arabia, his rival. III) Saudi Arabia is the better system Foreigners may not realize what happened so I’ll explain it this way. Imagine if the US economy was so bad that President Nixon asked the Soviets to hire 10% of the American workforce and let them live in Russia. That’s what Egypt did. The Al-Sauds accepted Nasser’s proposal as why tell Egyptians over the radio how much better life was in the revivalist Wahhabi kingdom when they could show them in person. The Al-Sauds receive a lot of well-deserved hate and criticism but what foreigners fail to acknowledge is that the kingdom has the only developed consumer market in the Arab World. Egyptians moved to the kingdom for work and noticed that while in secular modernist Egypt, millions were unemployed or depended on the state to feed them, in Wahhabi revivalist Saudi Arabia, citizens owned houses, had several cars, went on these weird things they called “vacations” and had “savings accounts”, things unheard of back home. In the past, the Modernists could rely on propaganda and simply not report on the Gulf’s prosperity but with millions of Egyptians now physically there… A suburb in Saudi Arabia The obvious gap in prosperity and state competence caused Modernism to weaken as more and more people doubted the ideology. Revivalist ideologies, not just Wahhabism but also Salafism and more conservative strands of orthodox Hanafism, had a resurgence in the 1980s in what is now known as the Islamic Revival in reference to the Revivalists gaining the upper hand. Modernism limped along after Nasser’s death in 1970. His successor, Anwar Sadat (r. 1970-1981) was also one but the ideology died along with him when he was gunned down by the Muslim Brotherhood, a revivalist organization. Hosni Mubarak (left) with Anwar Sadat (right) Hosni Mubarak (r. 1981-2011) and Abdelfatah Sisi (r. 2014 - present) are modernists on paper but in practice, they’re just kleptocrats that say whatever people want to hear.
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