什麼是史達林主義清洗？它們對俄羅斯的發展產生了哪些影響？
斯大林主義清洗，也稱為大清洗，是一系列
斯大林主義的清洗是對錶面忠誠的黨員、軍隊、特工和政府官員的持續不斷的迫害。
怎麼做
這通常（但並非總是）涉及處決和監禁。最血腥、持續時間最長、最著名的一次大清洗是 1930 年代中期的大清洗，以負責清洗的內務人民委員部負責人的名字命名為Yezhóvshchina （“葉若夫的企業”或“葉若夫的遺產”）。
在一些案例中，清洗的受害者後來被恢復職務，並繼續為共產主義事業服務，取得成功的職業生涯。二戰英雄指揮官康斯坦丁·羅科索夫斯基是最著名的重返家園者之一。
目的
清洗的目的有兩個。他們連根拔起高層菁英中新生的權力網絡，這些菁英後來可能挑戰最高統治者對權力的控制。他們還具有在精英內部進行精英輪換的功能，而按照設計（「人民先鋒隊」）不對國家負責。清洗確保了新人才的向上流動，並為僵化的、等級森嚴的、軍事化的共產黨管理注入了新血。
史達林主義清洗中最有趣的技巧在另一篇文章中描述：迪馬·沃羅比耶夫對約瑟夫·史達林很少直接下達暗殺、種族滅絕或鎮壓命令是真的嗎？
歷史的必然
回顧過去，我們可以清楚看到史達林主義清洗的深層邏輯。馬克思主義者稱這種理由為「歷史必然性」。
共產主義的實踐者（真正的實踐者，而不是「民主社會主義」的喋喋不休者）面臨著階級鬥爭和無產階級專政概念固有的幾個問題。這些總是會引發資本家及其受教育階級和小業主中的盟友的大規模抵制。
無論鎮壓反革命抵抗的成功程度如何，共產黨統治者遲早都會面臨「獨裁者的困境」。有一天，每個人──沒有移民、沒有被監禁、沒有被殺害──都會對你表示忠誠。然而，身為一個無產階級革命者，你知道他們中間隱藏著許多敵人。
困境解釋
華威大學的馬克哈里森教授用兩張圖來說明這一點。第一個顯示了無產階級專政之前「盟友」與敵人的正常分佈，另一個顯示了共產黨取得全面勝利之後（在蘇聯，1933年及以後）。
共產革命後，分佈逐漸向右移動：
馬克哈里森教授解釋：
經過二十年日益壓制的獨裁統治後，所有公民看起來都很相似，只能透過階級出身、過去的政治和社會背景等不完美的標誌來區分。有鑑於此，史達林的解決方案是施加過度鎮壓。他決定殺死所有自稱忠誠分佈左尾的人，儘管事實上所有人都聲稱是忠誠的——而且儘管他們中的許多人確實是忠誠的。他殺死的敵人比他估計的真實數量要多得多，希望以殺死許多真正忠誠的人為代價，也能抓到大量假裝忠誠的人。
成功因素
回顧過去，我們看到史達林試圖解決托洛斯基所定義的「蘇聯機構的官僚化」問題。在蘇聯統治的後幾十年裡，這個問題變得難以克服。在史達林統治下的幾十年裡，定期的清洗有助於控制這種現象。現實社會主義最偉大的成就，如工業化、二戰的勝利，以及我們核子計畫和太空計畫的基礎，都是在殘酷的清洗的背景下發生的。
我們的歷史和其他成功共產黨的歷史證實，史達林式的清洗是共產主義事業成功的必要條件。在他們缺席的情況下，菁英們逐漸形成強大的網絡，最終使共產主義計劃倒退並重新回到資本主義，就像在蘇聯、中華人民共和國、越南發生的那樣，以及現在在古巴和北韓發生的情況。
先知說
「反革命的食人行為將使各國相信，只有一種方法可以縮短、簡化和集中舊社會的致命的死亡痛苦和新社會的血腥分娩陣痛，那就是革命恐怖」。
- 卡爾馬克思
《共產黨宣言》的作者是法國大革命的熱心學生。當時發生的事情讓他和其他所有想知道的人都非常清楚「恐怖」到底是什麼樣子。被稱為俄羅斯內戰（1918-34）的血腥屠殺，以及隨之而來的清洗浪潮，與馬克思主義的文字和精神完全一致。
左派煽動者和修正主義者一直在竭力讓所有人相信史達林主義是對「真正的馬克思主義」的背離。不要相信他們。史達林主義是馬克思主義的應用，正如所承諾的。
SHORT ANSWER
Yes.
LONGER ANSWER
Look at it through the lens of a practitioner of applied Marxism.
Rules of the game
In the USSR, we didn’t have the aristocratic succession of elites or democratic competition of professional politicians that the liberals practice. This is why for us, regular purges were the only form of meritocratic rotation of elites.
Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Mao, and other outstanding practitioners of Communism all agreed on that. After the Communist rulers of the USSR stopped regular purges after Stalin’s death, the system started growing stale and lost momentum. By the mid-1980s,
Nope. I'm cynical and practical bastard who knows wrong side of life. And no. I'm not even marxist, communist, etc.
I just dont believe in propaganda. Any propaganda. And I dont believe that in jar with spiders, i.e. in our world, there are good or bad spiders. =)
And when someone says to me that West, Hitler, Stalin or China, or whatever, are good or bad, i either dont believe in it . We live in world of tribalism, moral relativism and subjectivism. So if you tell me that something is good, and something is bad, then first thing I ask you is "Who are you? Where are you from? What do you want? A
From the Marxist PoV, he was right. The theory and practical execution of massive purges is one of the greatest contributions of Stalin to the treasury trove of Marxist ideology.
The practice of real Communism in Russia, China, Korea, and other countries, has shown that regular purges belong in the necessary tool set of every successful revolutionary ruler.
- Communism is a revolutionary movement that embraces radical justice. This makes use of violence on a massive scale unavoidable, acceptable and desirable. You scare your class enemies and doubters into submission, which makes building a new, m
Zhukov was out of the way in the Far East.
He was unswervingly loyal, yet honest with Stalin.
He had shown this during the border war with Japan in Mongolia. Stalin had wanted an immediate counterattack, but Zhukov argued soberly and confidently for a pause while more force was brought up and preparations made. He promised victory in due course. He delivered: the Japanese were dealt such a thrashing they never tried another such provocation.
He is a TV face with no political beliefs. Basically he says what he is instructed to do, with some degree of autonomy.
Some years back, he used to say that a war between Russia and Ukraine is impossible, it would be a catastrophe. Taking Crimea back? Are you insane? - his words, when he was speaking his own mind.
https://fb.watch/jSu94ni3Xq/(video: Solovyov is answering a question why is ‘taking back’ Crimea from Ukraine a bad idea, 29.11.2013, Moscow - a public meeting in a theater. Maidan was in a full swing back then)
The government agenda has changed, so has he.
He may well have been factually correct in believing that Mikhail Tukhachevsky was going to lead an army coup to overthrow him. He had the power, which the party leaders did not.
After Stalin’s death, it was the army that was the main power in the land. Helped raise up Khrushchev and then helped overthrow him. And turned out to be incapable of providing effective leadership.
It was very simple. Those who did not support the policies of Stalin, starting with the Trotskyites, political opponents, the educated, certain leaders in the Red Army, kulaks, ethnic minorities and certain religious leaders. Many of the kulaks and their families had already been killed in the Holodomor.
The common element among all was the did not automatically accept what Stalin said. Stalin was trying to solidify his leadership in the party. Stalin had just created the Holodomor with his ideas of collectivization which turn out the be a disaster. Actually, pretty much all of his economic exp
The allegations against Stalin in this case are unfair.
A legend is told around the world that German intelligence supplied Stalin with a false document proving that Tukhachevski was forming a plot. Stalin believed the false document and destroyed the great strategist Tukhachevski.
If this is the truth, the Red Army should be thankful to German intelligence for an invaluable service
Here is the reason for the army purges of 1937: Stalin was preparing for war against Germany. He decided to beat his country, the Army included, into submission. As a byproduct of the purges, Stalin got rid of the blo
Dictatorship of the proletariat: government being composed entirely of card carrying communists
Directive approach: if you're ordered - do it, if you can't - do it anyway, it'll probably (not) work
Administratively planned economy: 50 pairs of the same boots per store, nothing more and nothing less
Pragmatic foreign policy: if it's on a map, try to use it to your own advantage
A renewed campaign of terror: if you even dare to speak against the general line of the party - be prepared to face the consequences and it doesn't matter whether you're an old clerk or a young soldier
The industrial developm
Stalinism is a practical application of Marxism after the political power is taken by the Communists.
Therefore, in order be a Stalinist, you must:
- Actively support the politics and ideology of Communist rulers in either of their local variations (Soviet, Chinese, Vietnamese, North-Korean before the 1990s, Cuban etc).
- Be uncompromising in your critique of the American Imperialism, Izraeli Zionism, Nazism, Social-Fascism (i.e. Social-Democracy) and other bourgeois forces.
- Tirelessly reveal the errors and deviations demonstrated by other Communists who do not align themselves with the ideas and prac
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