美国将军：日本人迷恋麦克阿瑟将军的原因

美国将军：日本人迷恋麦克阿瑟将军的原因 Tommy Louk 新奥尔良大学 关注本网站及其他作品： https://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Louk, Tommy, "American Shogun：日本人迷恋麦克阿瑟将军的原因"（2012 年）。高级荣誉论文。15. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/15

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美国幕府将军：日本人迷恋麦克阿瑟将军的原因

提交给新奥尔良大学国际研究系的荣誉论文，以部分完成文学学士学位的要求，并获得大学荣誉学位和国际研究荣誉学位，

作者：Tommy Louk 2012 年 5 月

摘要 本文将深入探讨二战后美国占领日本期间日本人喜欢麦克阿瑟将军的原因。 通过日本人寄给麦克阿瑟的信件，我将说明日本人将他视为解放者。

日本人民厌倦了军队的残暴统治，对麦克阿瑟赋予他们的言论自由和集会权感到高兴。 日本人民不信任他们的领导人，但却相信麦克阿瑟能够整顿他们的国家。 日本人民认为麦克阿瑟将他们从战争、贫穷和绝望中解放出来。

关键词：麦克阿瑟麦克阿瑟、占领、信件、解放者、日本人。3 1945 年、

 一位惊慌失措的日本人写信给麦克阿瑟将军，要求他废除天皇制。 这位日本人担心天皇会迫使他的臣民卷入另一场战争。 这封信的结尾写道

"致伟大的人道主义之爱的使徒，尊敬的麦克阿瑟 "1。

American Shogun: Reasons Why the Japanese were Fascinated with General MacArthur with General MacArthur Tommy Louk University of New Orleans Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Louk, Tommy, "American Shogun: Reasons Why the Japanese were Fascinated with General MacArthur" (2012). Senior Honors Theses. 15. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/15

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American Shogun: Reasons Why the Japanese were Fascinated with General MacArthur

An Honors Thesis Presented to the Department of International Studies of the University of New Orleans In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, with University Honors and Honors in International Studies by Tommy Louk May 2012

Abstract This paper will provide an insight into why the Japanese liked General MacArthur during the American occupation of Japan after World War II. By using letters that the Japanese sent to MacArthur I will show that the Japanese saw him as a liberator.

The Japanese people were tired of the brutal rule by the military and were pleased with free speech and the right to assembly that MacArthur bestowed upon them. The Japanese people did not trust their leaders but trusted MacArthur to make fix their country. The Japanese people thought that MacArthur was liberating them from war, poverty, and despair.

Keywords: MacArthur, Occupation, Letters, Liberator, Japanese. 3 In 1945,

 a panicked Japanese citizen wrote a letter to General MacArthur asking him to abolish the emperor system. This Japanese person was afraid that the emperor would force his subjects into another war. This letter ends by saying,

“To the great apostle of humanitarian love, The Honorable MacArthur.”1

奇怪的是，作者竟然认为美国占领军将军麦克阿瑟是一位人道主义者。 第二次世界大战是有史以来最具侵略性和破坏性的战争之一，麦克阿瑟在战后被派往日本。 日本被打得落花流水，支离破碎，而且即将被他们打了五年的敌人占领。 他们的天皇放弃了自己的神圣地位，并告诉人民，这个国家在建立帝国的道路上失败了。 许多日本政客和其他掌权者开始囤积居奇，无视人民的苦难。 日本人民失去了神灵，甚至无法向政客求助。 然而，美国向日本派遣了麦克阿瑟将军。 麦克阿瑟将成为盟军最高统帅，他几乎完全控制了日本。 他的任务是把日本从战争的破坏和混乱中解放出来，摆脱旧的生活方式。 美国在东京的第一保险大楼设立了总司令部（GHQ）。 这里是盟军最高司令官（SCAP），即麦克阿瑟将军和他手下的人的家。 麦克阿瑟将军是声名显赫的战争英雄，他将领导一个对军事领导人独裁统治并不陌生的国家。 这次行动的主要目标不仅是结束军国主义，还要结束导致军国主义的环境。 麦克阿瑟将军的目标是将日本改造成一个和平、民主的国家。 麦克阿瑟以其强大的个人魅力和自负而闻名。 麦克阿瑟认为他

1A 土仓市市民致麦克阿瑟，1945 年，Rinjiro Sodei、

亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军美国占领期间日本人的来信》（马里兰州兰哈姆，罗曼与利特菲尔德出版社，2001 年）4 "看到日本人民从这种奴役状态中解放出来 "是麦克阿瑟的任务。

2 麦克阿瑟使用了 "解放 "这样强烈的字眼，似乎把自己当成了日本的救世主。

3 麦克阿瑟是日本人民的救世主这一说法有些夸张。 然而，占领行动为日本提供了所需的方法，使其得以改变自己，成为今天的日本。

4 在这次占领期间，发生了一件非常有趣的事情：日本人开始迷恋麦克阿瑟将军。 他们对待麦克阿瑟将军就像对待天皇一样尊敬。 他们为什么要这样做呢？ 麦克阿瑟是一个几乎完全控制了这个国家的外国人。 他在那里不是作为游客，而是作为占领军的指挥官。 麦克阿瑟只与日本高层人士交谈，从不在日本各地旅行。

5 此外，他也很少对日本人民讲话。 然而，日本人却把他当作名人看待。 也许麦克阿瑟的想法是对的，日本人民把他当成了救世主。 日本人给麦克阿瑟送去了许多不同的礼物和邀请函，有的极其昂贵，有的则谦逊而情真意切。 日本人向麦克阿瑟表达心意的最有趣方式是粉丝邮件。 麦克阿瑟收到了近 50 万封日本人民的来信。 其中一些感谢他和美国的慷慨或政策；另一些则请求他给予帮助或提出建议。 很少有批评占领的信件。 寄信的想法始于占领前不久，当时战后首任首相要求日本人民寄信帮助他治理国家。 他的办公室很快就倒闭了，但寄信的想法已经开始流行。

日本人 2 James J. Orr, The Victim as Hero：

战后日本的和平意识形态与国家认同》（檀香山，夏威夷大学出版社，2001 年），第 18 页。3 James J. Orr, the Victim as Hero, 19。4 Theodore Cohen 和 Herbert Passin，《重塑日本》：美国占领新政》（纽约：自由出版社，1987 年），6-7 页。5 John Dower、

拥抱战败：第二次世界大战后的日本》（纽约：W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.，1999 年），204-205 页。5 开始向 SCAP 寄信。

Sodei Rinjiro 是麦克阿瑟将军的日本传记作者和专家，他还出版了一本名为《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》的书：美国占领期间日本人的来信》一书。 他阅读了一万多封信件，挑选出有趣和重要的信件写入书中。

It is strange that the author thought MacArthur, an occupying general of the United States, was a humanitarian. MacArthur was placed in Japan after World War II, one of the most aggressive and destructive wars ever waged. Japan was beaten, broken, and about to be occupied by an enemy they had been fighting for five years. Their emperor renounced his divine status and told the people the nation had failed in its quest to establish an empire. Many Japanese politicians and other people in positions of power started hoarding goods and ignoring the plight of the people. The Japanese people lost their god and could not even turn to their politicians for aid. However, the United States sent Japan General MacArthur. MacArthur was going to be the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, and he was given almost complete control of Japan. It was his job to liberate Japan from the destruction and chaos of the war and the old ways. The United States set up General Headquarters (GHQ) at the Dai-Ichi Insurance building in Tokyo. This was the home of the Supreme Commander of Allied Powers (SCAP), namely General MacArthur and the men who worked under him. General MacArthur, a prestigious war hero, was going to lead a country that was no stranger to dictatorships by military leaders. The main goal of the operation was not only to end militarism, but the circumstances that led to it. General MacArthur set out to transform Japan into a peaceful and democratic nation. MacArthur was known for his strong personally and sense of self-importance. MacArthur thought it was his

1A Citizen of Tsuchiura City to MacArthur, 1945, Rinjiro Sodei,

Dear General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese during the American Occupation (Lanham, Maryland, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001) 4 task “to see the Japanese people liberated from this condition of slavery.”

2 By using such strong words such as liberation, MacArthur seemed to think of himself as a savior of Japan.

3 The idea of MacArthur being a savior to the Japanese people was an exaggeration. Nevertheless, the actions of the occupation gave Japan the methods it needed to change itself into the country that it is today.

4 During this occupation, something very interesting happened; the Japanese became enthralled and obsessed with General MacArthur. They treated him with the same respect as they would their emperor. Why would they do this? MacArthur was a foreigner who had almost complete control of the country. He was not there as a tourist, but as the commander of the occupation. MacArthur only spoke to high-ranking Japanese people and never traveled around Japan.

5 Also, he rarely addressed the Japanese people. Nevertheless, they treated him like a celebrity. Perhaps MacArthur was right in thinking that the Japanese people thought of him as a savior. The Japanese sent MacArthur many different gifts and invitations, some extremely expensive and others humble and heartfelt. The most interesting way the Japanese people expressed themselves to MacArthur was through fan mail. MacArthur received a almost 500,000 letters from the Japanese people. Some of them thanked him and America for their generosity or policies; others asked him for favors or gave suggestions. Few were criticisms of the occupation. The idea of sending letters started shortly before the occupation when the first postwar prime minister asked the Japanese people to send in letters to help him govern. His office collapsed soon after, but the idea of sending letters had already taken off.

The Japanese 2 James J. Orr, The Victim as Hero:

Ideologies of Peace and national Identity in Postwar Japan (Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 2001), 18. 3 James J. Orr, the Victim as Hero, 19. 4 Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan: The American Occupation as New Deal (New York: Free Press, 1987), 6-7. 5 John Dower,

Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1999), 204-205. 5 started sending letters to SCAP.

Sodei Rinjiro is the Japanese biographer and expert on General MacArthur, and he also published a book entitled Dear General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese during the American Occupation. He read over ten thousand letters and picked interesting and important letters to be in his book.

我看到了索代在他的书中收集的一百多封信件。 索代认为，日本人喜欢麦克阿瑟是因为尊重权威的文化传统。 我不认为这些书信中呈现的亲密关系是文化传统的结果。 不过，我仍然使用索代收集的这些信件，因为它们是寄给麦克阿瑟的数十万封信件中的不同样本。 此外，作为信件的编辑，索代还提供了许多有用的注释和背景信息。 其他人试图解释日本人为什么喜欢麦克阿瑟将军。 麦克阿瑟本人认为这是因为他是日本的救世主。 大多数历史学家说，日本人喜欢麦克阿瑟是因为占领期间产生的日本战败文化，或者是因为日本占领军最高司令部在占领期间颁布的政策。 我将从信件中找出日本人喜欢他们的外国霸主麦克阿瑟将军的原因，以及他们认为他是解放者的原因。 这些信件提供了许多日本人将麦克阿瑟视为解放者的解释和例子，以及他们这样做的动机。 麦克阿瑟将军把日本人民从战争、饥饿、日本政客、天皇和绝望中解放出来。 大多数日本人真心喜欢麦克阿瑟作为最高统帅的行动和统治。 日本人喜欢麦克阿瑟，因为他们相信他的行动和政策（6 Rinjiro Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 5-7. 6）比旧方式和旧政府更有益。 在日本被占领期间，麦克阿瑟被视为日本人民的解放者。 成百上千的日本人排队只为一睹解放者麦克阿瑟将军的风采。资料来源：Sodei，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，第 118 页（《麦克阿瑟与日本军国主义者》，《每个战败国都害怕被占领》）。

二战结束时，日本人也不例外，他们害怕即将到来的美国军队。 然而，他们很快就会发现，美国的占领比日本军国主义者统治下的生活要舒适得多。 麦克阿瑟将军曾经是日本人惧怕的敌人，现在却成了日本人心目中的英雄。 日本人回忆起军国主义者控制下的生活，认为美国占领下的生活要好得多。 日本人民非常感激麦克阿瑟，因为他的部队出人意料地表现出了七分善意，并承诺他们会乖乖听话。 日本人还赞扬麦克阿瑟赋予他们新的权利和自由。 麦克阿瑟将军向日本人民许诺和平，日本人民在经历多年战争后对此非常感激。 日本人民热爱麦克阿瑟，因为他的统治为人民带来了希望与和平，这与军国主义者带来的恐惧与死亡大不相同。 日本人钦佩麦克阿瑟，因为占领军的行为和行动出人意料地积极。 日本投降后，人们开始为占领做准备。 收音机告诉妇女们要逃到乡下；男人们会拿着扩音器在城镇里转悠，警告妇女们一旦美国人到来就不要到户外活动。 日本人害怕占领军，因为日本士兵在占领中国和东亚共荣圈其他地区时讲了很多故事。 7 前军国主义作家、日本国民党人织田敏洋（Oda Toshiyo）也预料到会受到占领军的惩罚。 他在写给麦克阿瑟的信中说："由于我本人和全体人民发动了可恶的太平洋战争......我们通过战败的命运接受了上帝的告诫和惩罚......我们认定'死亡'是等待我们的唯一命运。 在投降演说的最后，天皇告诉日本人要 "忍受无法忍受的事情，承受无法忍受的痛苦"。 织田利代体验到了这种喜悦："阁下、官兵和贵国人民给了我们所有人--呃，什么？

7 Theodore Cohen 和 Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan, 119。

I have had access to over one hundred of the letters that Sodei has collected in his book. Sodei thinks that the Japanese people liked MacArthur because of a cultural tradition of respecting authority. I do not think that the intimacy presented in these letters is the result of a cultural tradition. However, I still use the letters Sodei has collected because they are a diverse sample of the hundreds of thousands of letters sent to MacArthur. Also, Sodei provides many useful notes and background information as editor of the letters. Others have tried to explain why the Japanese liked General MacArthur. MacArthur himself thinks that it is because he is Japan’s savior. Most historians say that the Japanese liked MacArthur because of the Japanese culture of defeat that arose during the occupation or because of the policies that SCAP enacted during the occupation. I will look in the letters to discover why the Japanese liked their foreign overlord, General MacArthur, and why they thought him to be a liberator.6 It is clear in the letters written to MacArthur that the Japanese people thought he was a liberator. The letters provide many explanations and examples of the Japanese treating MacArthur as a liberator and their motivations for doing so. General MacArthur liberated the Japanese people from the war, from hunger, from the Japanese politicians, from the emperor, and from despair. Most of the Japanese truly enjoyed MacArthur’s actions and rule as Supreme Commander. The Japanese liked MacArthur because they believed his actions and policies were (6 Rinjiro Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 5-7. 6) more beneficial compared to the old ways and old government. MacArthur was seen as a liberator to the Japanese people during the occupation of Japan. Hundreds of Japanese lined up just to catch a glimpse of their liberator, General MacArthur. Source Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, pg. 118 (MacArthur vs. Japanese Militarists Every defeated nation fears occupation).

At the end of World War II, the Japanese were no exception, and they feared the oncoming American army. However, they would soon learn that the American occupation was far more comfortable than life under the Japanese militarists’ rule. General MacArthur, once a feared enemy, became a beloved hero to the Japanese. The Japanese remembered life under the militarist’s control and thought life under the American occupation was far better. The Japanese people were very grateful to MacArthur for the unexpected 7 kindness of his troops and the promise they would behave. The Japanese also praised MacArthur for their newly bestowed rights and freedoms. General MacArthur promised the Japanese people peace, which the people were very grateful for after years of war. The Japanese people loved MacArthur because his rule provided hope and peace for the people, much different from the fear and death the militarists provided. The Japanese admired MacArthur for the surprisingly positive behavior and actions of the occupation forces. After Japan had surrendered, people started preparing for occupation. Radios told women to flee to the countryside; men would ride around towns with megaphones and warn the women not to go outdoors once the Americans arrived. The Japanese were afraid of the occupying army because of the stories the Japanese soldiers told while occupying China and the other parts of the East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere. None of these stories were published in Japan, but some soldiers came home and bragged of the atrocities they had committed abroad.7 Former militarist writer and Japanese Nationalist Oda Toshiyo also expected to experience punishment from the occupation force. He wrote a letter to MacArthur saying, “Because I myself and all the people waged the abhorrent Pacific War…we have received God’s admonition and punishment through the destiny of defeat…we were determined that ‘death’ was the only fate that awaited us.”8 The Japanese population could only expect the worst. Toward the end of the his surrender speech, the Emperor told the Japanese to, “Bear the unbearable and suffer the insufferable.”9 Imagine the relief and joy of the Japanese when the occupation army was kind toward them and helped the people in Japan. Oda Toshiyo experienced this joy: “Your Excellency, your officers and soldiers, and the people of your country gave all of us-uh, what

7 Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan, 119.

8 Oda Toshiyo 致麦克阿瑟，1949 年，见《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，280 页。

9 西奥多-科恩和赫伯特-帕辛，《重塑日本》，119 页。8 荣耀的'生命'......而不是我们预想的'死亡'"。

10 此人曾是国民党人，著书描述日本、德国和意大利的领导人是如何的英雄，应该建立新的世界秩序。

11 麦克阿瑟将军的部下非但没有受到惩罚，反而试图帮助日本人；这一完全出乎意料的举动给许多日本人带来了欢乐，也使麦克阿瑟将军获得了正面评价。

麦克阿瑟的部下以各种方式善待日本人。 他们给日本学童糖果。 他们还在拥挤的火车和公共汽车上给日本妇女让座，而日本男子是不会这样做的。 还有其他一些大兵帮助救火、救溺水儿童和给饥饿家庭提供食物的故事。

12 麦克阿瑟作为占领军的领导人，自然会从这支乖巧善良的占领军身上得到好处。 麦克阿瑟向日本人承诺，他的部下会表现良好，日本人也相信他会信守承诺。

13 另一封写给麦克阿瑟的信中写道："请允许我说，美国士兵以其严格的纪律，给我们日本人上了一堂触及心底的课"。

14 麦克阿瑟部下的善举给日本人留下了深刻印象。 事实上，日本人对占领军的称呼实际上是 "驻扎 "军队，而不是 "占领 "军队。 日本人做好了受到严厉惩罚的准备，但却得到了帮助。 这种与预期的巨大差异让日本人对麦克阿瑟心存感激。 他们认为麦克阿瑟是一个和蔼可亲、乐于助人的人，而不是一个复仇的军事领导人。 日本人民对麦克阿瑟驻扎在日本的美军的友好行为表示感谢。

10 Oda Toshiyo to MacArthur，1949 年，见《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，280-281 页。

11 Sodei，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，282 页。

12 西奥多-科恩和赫伯特-帕辛，《重塑日本》，120-121。

13 索戴，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，54。

14 《无名氏致麦克阿瑟》，1945 年 10 月 19 日，见《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，53-54 页。9 由于 SCAP 赋予日本人民的权利，麦克阿瑟也被视为解放者。 日本人民将麦克阿瑟和占领军视为解放者。

15 日本军事统治下的生活是非常残酷和严酷的，尤其是对妇女或下层阶级的成员而言。 在战前和战争期间，许多人因发表意见而遭到杀害和残酷惩罚。 宪兵队（即军事警察）确保日本公民不发表反对战争的言论或采取反对战争的行动。 没有人能够幸免于宪兵队的追捕。 说了几句错话的军官很容易就会发现自己在战争前线作战。

16 锦屏台监视、逮捕或杀害了许多不完全支持军国主义思想和努力的公民。

17 不难看出，日本人民对占领期间赋予他们的权利和自由欢欣鼓舞。 1945 年 10 月，麦克阿瑟解除了对政治表达的限制；人们有了言论和集会自由。 麦克阿瑟随后命令日本首相给予妇女言论自由并允许她们投票。 他还下令促进工会发展，并在学校开展更自由的教育。18 索代甚至说，当时的日本人认为麦克阿瑟是 "伟大的解放者"。 织田敏洋说，他和日本人民的自由要感谢麦克阿瑟。 他还声称，他撰写民族主义宣传品只是 "作为一种紧急的自卫方式，以摆脱反复的束缚"。

15 Theodore Cohen 和 Herbert Passin，《重塑日本》，120。

16 约翰-托兰，《冉冉升起的太阳》：

1936-1945 年日本帝国的衰落》，（纽约，现代图书馆，2003 年 5 月 27 日），第 476 页。

17 托兰，《冉冉升起的太阳》，524 页。

18 Dower，《拥抱失败》，81 页。

19 索代，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，98 页。10 被贪婪残忍的警察非法指控逮捕和拘留"。

8 Oda Toshiyo to MacArthur, 1949, in Dear General MacArthur, 280.

9 Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan, 119. 8 glory ‘life’… instead of the ‘death’ we had anticipated.”

10 This man was a former Nationalist, a person who wrote books describing how the leaders of Japan, Germany, and Italy were heroes and should have created a new world order.

11 Instead of punishment, General MacArthur's men tried to help the Japanese; this complete surprise brought joy to many Japanese and cast General MacArthur in a positive light.

MacArthur's men were kind to the Japanese in many different ways. They gave candy to Japanese school children. They also gave up their seats on crowed trains and buses to Japanese women, something that Japanese men did not do. There are also other stories of the GIs helping put out fires, saving drowning children, and feeding starving families.

12 MacArthur, being the occupation’s leader, would naturally receive the benefits of the well-behaved and kind occupation army. MacArthur promised the Japanese the good behavior of his men, and the Japanese believed he would uphold his promise.

13 Another letter to MacArthur states “May I say that American soldiers, with their strict discipline, have taught us Japanese a lesson that strikes the bottom of our hearts.”

14 The Japanese were very impressed with the kind actions of MacArthur's men. In fact, the Japanese term for the occupation forces actually translated to “stationed” army instead of “occupation” army. The Japanese were prepared for harsh punishment, but instead were helped. This drastic difference from their expectations made the Japanese thankful to MacArthur. They perceived him as kind and helpful rather than a vengeful military leader. The Japanese people were appreciative to MacArthur for the pleasant behavior of the American troops stationed in Japan.

10 Oda Toshiyo to MacArthur, 1949, in Dear General MacArthur, 280-281.

11 Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 282.

12 Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan,120-121.

13 Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 54.

14 Anonymous to MacArthur, 19 October 1945, in Dear General MacArthur, 53-54. 9 MacArthur was also seen as a liberator because of the rights that SCAP bestowed upon the Japanese people. The Japanese people saw MacArthur and the occupation as liberators.

15 Life under the Japanese military rule was very brutal and harsh, especially for a woman or a member of the lower classes. Before and during the war, many people were killed and brutally punished for speaking their opinions. The Kampeitai, or military police, made sure that no Japanese citizens spoke or acted against the war effort. No one was safe from the Kampeitai. Military officers who said a few wrong words could easily find themselves fighting on the front lines of the war.

16 The Kampeitai had many citizens kept under surveillance, arrested, or killed for not fully supporting the militarist ideas and efforts.

17 It is easy to see how the Japanese people would rejoice at the rights and liberties bestowed upon them during the occupation. In October of 1945, MacArthur dissolved the restraints on political expression; people had freedom of speech and assembly. MacArthur then ordered the premier of Japan to give women free speech and allow them to vote. He also ordered the promotion of unions and more liberal education in schools.18 Sodei even says that the Japanese of the time thought MacArthur was the “Great Emancipator.”19 The common Japanese people were restricted and persecuted by elite, but now the new rulers allowed them new freedoms. Oda Toshiyo remarked on how much he and the Japanese people were indebted to MacArthur for their freedoms. He also claimed that he only wrote his nationalist propaganda “as an emergency mode of self-defense to escape the bonds of repeated

15 Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan,120.

16 John Toland, The Rising Sun:

The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945, (New York, Modern Library, 27 May, 2003), 476.

17 Toland, The Rising Sun, 524.

18 Dower, Embracing Defeat, 81.

19 Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 98. 10 arrest and detention by the greedy and cruel police with their illegal accusations.”

20 Later in his letter, Oda then implied that he wrote the books because he and his family were persecuted.

One cannot be sure if Oda really was threatened by the police or felt obligated to publish nationalist and militarist propaganda, but it is clear that he was afraid of what the police would do to him and his family because of what he wrote. Oda was glad that he could write and speak about anything he desired. One of the first Japanese women that was elected to the Diet thanked MacArthur for all that he did and then said “until we were occupied by your country [Japanese women] did not have the right to speak, so we had no choice but to blindly follow the tyranny of the men.”21 Some people used this given freedom of expression to suggest things that would have been punished by death during the war. One letter begins by calling MacArthur “Our great liberator” and then proceeded to say how “Recently, freedom of speech has been recognized to quite an extent.”22 Then the writer proceeds to use his new freedom of speech to talk about abolishing the emperor system. Written documents like this could certainly have had the writer killed during the war. It is also interesting how the author of the letter thanks MacArthur by calling him our great “liberator” and then proceeds to remind MacArthur that he has freedom of speech, so his “blasphemy” against the emperor system will go unpunished. John Dower, author of Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, is a historian and an expert on the Japanese during and after the Second World War. He has written many books about Japan, and he perfectly sums up the joy of the Japanese people by saying, “The American regimen cracked open the authoritarian structures of the old society in a manner that permitted unprecedented individual.

20 Oda Toshiyo to MacArthur, 1949, in Dear General MacArthur, 284.

20 随后，织田在信中暗示，他写这些书是因为他和家人受到迫害。

我们无法确定织田是否真的受到了警察的威胁，还是觉得有义务出版民族主义和军国主义的宣传品，但很明显，他害怕警察会因为他写的东西而对他和他的家人做什么。 织田很高兴自己可以随心所欲地写作和发表言论。 第一批被选入国会的日本妇女之一感谢麦克阿瑟所做的一切，然后说："在我们被贵国占领之前，（日本妇女）没有发言权，所以我们别无选择，只能盲从男人的暴政。 一封信的开头称麦克阿瑟为 "我们伟大的解放者"，接着说 "最近，言论自由在很大程度上得到了承认"。 这样的书面文件肯定会让作者在战争中丧命。 同样有趣的是，信中的作者感谢麦克阿瑟，称他是我们伟大的 "解放者"，然后又提醒麦克阿瑟他有言论自由，所以他对天皇制的 "亵渎 "不会受到惩罚。 拥抱战败》一书的作者约翰-道尔：第二次世界大战后的日本》一书的作者约翰-道尔是一位历史学家，也是研究第二次世界大战期间和战后日本问题的专家。 他写过很多关于日本的书，他用一句话完美地概括了日本人民的喜悦之情："美国政权以允许前所未有的个人的方式打破了旧社会的专制结构。

20 Oda Toshiyo 致麦克阿瑟，1949 年，见《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，284 页。

21 野村美须致麦克阿瑟，1949 年 8 月 9 日，见《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，263 页。

22 S.I.致麦克阿瑟，1945 年 12 月 16 日，见《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，95页。

23 在新政权下，日本人只是享受自由。

日本人民赞扬麦克阿瑟并喜欢他而不是日本军国主义者的另一个原因是，占领保证了持久和平。 日本人于 1931 年首次对满洲发动敌对行动。 从那时起，军国主义者的势力不断壮大。 1937 年，军国主义者终于完全控制了局面，并发动了侵华战争。

24 日本正式开战长达八年之久，局势变得更加绝望。 军国主义者变得如此绝望，以至于他们开始训练和鼓励全体国民进行殊死搏斗。 对日本人来说，战争一天比一天糟糕，许多人认为死亡是唯一的前途。 许多日本人难以找到食物等基本必需品。 日本军队鼓励人们食用 "橡子、谷壳、花生壳和锯末 "等物品，作为常规食物的补充。

25 日本人的生活一直在挣扎和动荡，看不到尽头。 然而，投降结束了战争，麦克阿瑟将军承诺日本再也不会发动战争。 麦克阿瑟将军建议在新宪法中加入 "放弃战争 "的内容，并颁布法令宣布日本致力于和平主义。 许多日本人感谢麦克阿瑟的和平承诺，这种感激之情可以从他们写给麦克阿瑟的信中看出。 一封信中写道："我们应该非常感谢最高统帅麦克阿瑟将军阁下对昔日敌人日本的深情厚谊，以及他每天为建立一个和平国家所做的巨大努力。

23 Dower, Embracing Defeat, 84。

24 托兰，《冉冉升起的太阳》，8 & 42-47。

25 Dower，《拥抱战败》，91 页。

26 日本人感谢麦克阿瑟所做的工作，确保他们不必再忍受战争的恐惧。 26 一位作家写给麦克阿瑟的信，1950 年 2 月 13 日，见《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，191 页。另一封写给麦克阿瑟的信中说："[和平领导]的一个例子就是您在日本国内外遣散日军时所表现出的体贴"。

20 Later in his letter, Oda then implied that he wrote the books because he and his family were persecuted.

One cannot be sure if Oda really was threatened by the police or felt obligated to publish nationalist and militarist propaganda, but it is clear that he was afraid of what the police would do to him and his family because of what he wrote. Oda was glad that he could write and speak about anything he desired. One of the first Japanese women that was elected to the Diet thanked MacArthur for all that he did and then said “until we were occupied by your country [Japanese women] did not have the right to speak, so we had no choice but to blindly follow the tyranny of the men.”21 Some people used this given freedom of expression to suggest things that would have been punished by death during the war. One letter begins by calling MacArthur “Our great liberator” and then proceeded to say how “Recently, freedom of speech has been recognized to quite an extent.”22 Then the writer proceeds to use his new freedom of speech to talk about abolishing the emperor system. Written documents like this could certainly have had the writer killed during the war. It is also interesting how the author of the letter thanks MacArthur by calling him our great “liberator” and then proceeds to remind MacArthur that he has freedom of speech, so his “blasphemy” against the emperor system will go unpunished. John Dower, author of Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, is a historian and an expert on the Japanese during and after the Second World War. He has written many books about Japan, and he perfectly sums up the joy of the Japanese people by saying, “The American regimen cracked open the authoritarian structures of the old society in a manner that permitted unprecedented individual.

20 Oda Toshiyo to MacArthur, 1949, in Dear General MacArthur, 284.

21 Nomura Misu to MacArthur, 9 August 1949, in Dear General MacArthur, 263.

22 S.I. to MacArthur, 16 December 1945, in Dear General MacArthur, 95. 11 freedoms and unanticipated forms of popular expression to flourish.”

23 The Japanese simply enjoyed their freedoms under the new regime.

Another reason the people of Japan praised and preferred MacArthur over the Japanese militarists is that the occupation promised lasting peace. The Japanese first started hostilities in 1931 against Manchuria. Ever since then, the militarists grew in power. Finally in 1937, the militarists were in complete control and started the war against China.

24 The Japanese were officially at war for eight years, and the situation only became more desperate. The militarists became so desperate that they began to train and encourage their entire population to fight to the death. Day by day the war was getting worse for the Japanese people, and many thought that death was the only future. Many Japanese had trouble finding basic necessities such as food. The Japanese Army encouraged the people to eat items such as “acorns, grain husks, peanut shells, and sawdust” as a supplement to regular food.

25 Life for the Japanese was a constant struggle and turmoil, and there was no end in sight. However, the surrender put an end to the war, and General MacArthur promised that Japan would never wage war again. General MacArthur suggested that the new constitution have a “renunciation of war” as well as a decree that stated the country was committed to pacifism. Many Japanese were thankful to MacArthur for his promises of peace, and this gratitude can be seen in the letters they wrote to him. One letter declares “we should be very grateful to His Excellency, Supreme Commander General MacArthur for extending his deep love to the former enemy Japan and for the tremendous effort he is making daily to build a peaceful

23 Dower, Embracing Defeat, 84.

24 Toland, The Rising Sun, 8 & 42-47.

25 Dower, Embracing Defeat, 91. 12 nation.”

26 The Japanese appreciated the work MacArthur did to ensure they would not have to endure the terrors of war again. 26 A WRITER to MacArthur, 13 February 1950, in Dear General MacArthur, 191. Another letter to MacArthur says, “One example [of peaceful leadership] is the consideration you've shown in the demobilization of Japanese forces within and outside Japan.”

27 日本人民看到麦克阿瑟废除了军队，认为这是兑现和平承诺的一种方式。 一些日本人对麦克阿瑟的行动和他让日本成为一个和平国家的承诺感到非常感激，因此他们向他赠送礼物。 一位年轻女孩送给麦克阿瑟一个洋娃娃，她在信中写道："通过将军的努力，我们每天每夜都能生活在和平之中，我把洋娃娃寄给您，希望我们无限的感激之情能让您在繁忙的日子里感到些许安慰"。

28 另一封来自一个贫穷渔民的信中说，他感谢 "您用活力和智慧为世界和平奠定了基础"。

29 引用作品 Cohen, Theodore, and Herbert Passin.重塑日本》。纽约：纽约：自由出版社，1987 年。 Dower, John W. Embracing Defeat, Japan In the Wake Of World War II.New York：W. W. Norton & Company, 2002.约翰-托兰，《冉冉升起的太阳》：The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945.纽约：现代图书馆，2003 年 5 月：现代图书馆，2003 年 5 月。MacArthur, Douglas.Reminiscences：Reminiscences: General of the Army. 纽约：麦格劳-希尔图书公司，1964 年：麦格劳-希尔图书公司，1964 年。Orr, James J., The Victim as Hero: Ideologies of Peace and National Identity in Postwar Japan.檀香山：夏威夷大学出版社，2001 年：檀香山：夏威夷大学出版社，2001 年。 Sodei, Rinjiro.Dear General MacArthur：Dear General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese during the American Occupation.Lanham, Maryland：Rowman & Littlefield, 2001。 29 这封信接着告诉麦克阿瑟，他钓鱼的河里有美味的鱼。 30 这只是两个例子，说明人们对麦克阿瑟带来的和平与稳定深表感激。 在我读过的大多数信件中，日本人都提到了他们对和平的感谢，或者为了维护世界和平需要做些什么。 织田也提供了一个很好的例子，说明日本人如何看待麦克阿瑟带来的和平。 织田是促进世界永久和平协会的主席，他甚至站在东京街头为麦克阿瑟将军竞选总统助选。 他告诉路人和任何愿意倾听的人，麦克阿瑟是保护世界免受 "扰乱和平的无赖 "之害的最佳人选。

27 《一位母亲致麦克阿瑟》，1945 年 11 月 18 日，见《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，273 页。

28 Sakai Reiko 致麦克阿瑟，2 月 16 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，124 页。

29 Kato Ikkan 致麦克阿瑟，1948 年 7 月 28 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，第 44 页。

30 Kato Ikkan 致麦克阿瑟，1948 年 7 月 28 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，第 44 页。13 of the world"。

31 日本人民认为麦克阿瑟永远将日本人民从战争中解放出来。

32 与麦克阿瑟将军相比，日本领导人 "日本人真他妈没出息！"这是战后一个 12 岁女孩对日本人的看法。

33 这个小女孩在一场大火中失去了手和父母，剩下的亲人也不会照顾她。 她用唯一的好手为美国大兵擦鞋和擦船，以此谋生。 西奥多-科恩是占领期间 SCAP 的成员，他开始撰写《重塑日本》一书：作为新政的美国占领。 他还没写完就去世了，他的朋友和同事赫伯特-帕辛完成了这本书。 科恩和帕辛说，战争导致许多日本人不喜欢自己的同胞。 这种现象在战争期间和占领期间对日本领导人的影响尤为明显。 战后，日本人普遍不信任给他们带来如此多苦难的人。 日本人对麦克阿瑟将军的信任超过了对现任民选官员的信任。 日本领导层以前曾让他们失望，而且迟迟不实施变革，这与麦克阿瑟将军恰恰相反。 日本人民希望麦克阿瑟能够领导和帮助他们，因为他们不信任日本领导人。

27 The Japanese people saw that MacArthur had abolished the military, and they saw that as a way of keeping the promise of peace. Some Japanese people felt so indebted to MacArthur for his actions and his promise to keep Japan a peaceful nation that they gave him gifts. A young girl sent MacArthur a doll and her letter states “Through the general's efforts, we are able to live in peace every day and every night, and I sent you the doll in the hope that our unlimited gratitude might give you some comfort during your busy days.”

28 Another letter from a poor fisherman states that he is thankful for the “vigor and intelligence with which you are building the basis for world peace.”

29 Works Cited Cohen, Theodore, and Herbert Passin. Remaking Japan. New York: The Free Press, 1987. Dower, John W. Embracing Defeat, Japan In The Wake Of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2002. John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945. New York: Modern Library, May, 2003. MacArthur, Douglas. Reminiscences: General of the Army. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1964. Orr, James J., The Victim as Hero: Ideologies of Peace and National Identity in Postwar Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001. Sodei, Rinjiro. Dear General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese during the American Occupation. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. 29 This letter then proceeds to tell MacArthur there are delicious fish in the river where he fishes. He then say that he would like to “express his humble gratitude” to MacArthur over a day of fishing.30 These are only two examples of instances when people felt so indebted to MacArthur for the peace and stability he had brought. In most of the letters I have read, the Japanese mention their thanks for peace or how something needs to get done in order to preserve the worldwide peace. Oda also provides a great example of how the Japanese felt toward MacArthur for bringing peace. Oda was the chairman of the Association for Promotion of Eternal World Peace and even stood in the streets of Tokyo campaigning for General MacArthur's presidential candidacy. He told passersby and anyone who would listen that MacArthur was the best person to protect the world from the “ruffian who disturbs the peace.

27 A Mother to MacArthur, 18 November 1945, in Dear General MacArthur, 273.

28 Sakai Reiko to MacArthur, 16 February, Dear General MacArthur, 124.

29 Kato Ikkan to MacArthur, 28 July 1948, Dear General MacArthur, 44.

30 Kato Ikkan to MacArthur, 28 July 1948, Dear General MacArthur, 44. 13 of the world”.

31 The Japanese people thought MacArthur was forever liberating the Japanese people from war.

32 The Japanese Leaders compared to General MacArthur “Japanese no fucking' good!” is a twelve-year-old girl’s view on the Japanese after the war.

33 This little girl lost her hand and parents to a firebombing, and her remaining relatives would not care for her. She made a living by using her only good hand to polish shoes and boats for American GIs. Theodore Cohen was a member of SCAP during the occupation and he started to write Remaking Japan: The American Occupation as New Deal. He passed away before he could finish writing it, and his friend and colleague Herbert Passin finished the book. Cohen and Passin say that the war caused many Japanese to dislike their own people. This phenomenon is especially true regarding the Japanese leaders both during the war and during the occupation. After the war, the Japanese people had a general mistrust of the ones who caused them so much misery. The Japanese trusted General MacArthur more than they did the current elected officials. The Japanese leadership had failed them before and was slow to implement change, which was the opposite of General MacArthur. The Japanese people looked to MacArthur to lead and help them because they did not trust the Japanese leaders.

34 日本人民不信任他们的领导人，因为他们似乎没有为人民工作。 相比之下，麦克阿瑟的行动似乎真正帮助了人民。 在占领期间的大部分时间里，日本首相吉田茂都是不信任日本领导人的一个很好的例子。 吉田茂不相信日本人民已经准备好了。

Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 285-287.32 Dower，《拥抱失败》，83-88 页。33 Theodore Cohen 和 Herbert Passin，《重塑日本》，122 页。34 西奥多-科恩和赫伯特-帕辛，《重塑日本》，122页。-14 民主，并认为批评他观点的人过于民族中心主义或被左翼宣传蒙蔽了双眼。

35 这些话是日本首相说的，他本该为人民服务，但实际上却侮辱了人民。 首相侮辱了当时的日本国民，他们怎么会相信首相的领导能力呢？ 麦克阿瑟给了人民自由和权利，而现任领导人却嘲笑他们，普通日本人怎么会不相信他呢？ 许多日本人写信给麦克阿瑟，诉说他们对现政府的恐惧。 他们相信麦克阿瑟或 SCAP 会约束日本政客。

告诉麦克阿瑟他们不信任日本领导人这一简单的行为意味着他们信任麦克阿瑟。

其中一封信写道："现有的政党已经忘记了他们对战败日本的使命。 他们只对政党政治和政治利益感兴趣，他们进行政治上的混战，导致国家陷入混乱和恐慌"。

36 在占领期间，日本有许多政党，它们都在为获得席位而努力奋斗。 日本人认为，麦克阿瑟是为人民行事，而各政党则相互争斗。 这种说法有一定道理，因为麦克阿瑟不会坐等日本政治领导人制定法律；有时，他会利用天皇来颁布索代所说的 "波茨坦敕令"。 36 佐藤茂树致麦克阿瑟，1947 年 3 月 5 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，第 246 页。

37 占领军没有废黜天皇有很多原因，利用天皇的权力是原因之一。 麦克阿瑟有时比日本政府行动得更快，织田有一些启发性和戏剧性的话要说。 他写道："农民的解放、工人的解放、妇女的解放--哦，上帝啊，请看这一切！他解开了无数枷锁！哦，谁能丢掉这无数丑陋的枷锁？ 35 Dower，《拥抱失败》，84 页。37 索代，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，98 页。15 不是别人，正是前敌指挥官麦克阿瑟将军。

38 不难看出，织田对麦克阿瑟成为日本的伟大解放者感到高兴。 选举政治需要很长时间才能完成，因为他们必须就各种问题进行辩论。 然而，麦克阿瑟将军却可以立即下达命令。 另一封信中写道："现任内阁成员踌躇满志的态度是不可接受的。

34 The Japanese people did not trust their leaders because they did not appear to be working for the people. In contrast, MacArthur’s actions seemed to genuinely help the people. A great example of a mistrusted Japanese leader was the Japanese Prime Minister for a majority of the occupation, Yoshida Shigeru. Yoshida did not believe that the Japanese people were ready for.

Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 285-287. 32 Dower, Embracing Defeat, 83-88. 33 Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan, 122. -34 Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan, 122. -14 democracy and thought that critics of his views were too ethnocentric or blinded by left wing propaganda.

35 These were the words of the Prime Minister of Japan, a man who was supposed to serve the people whom he was actually insulting. How could a Japanese citizen of the time believe in this leadership when the Prime Minister had insulted them? How could the common Japanese person not trust MacArthur when he gave the people their freedoms and rights while the current leader mocked them? Many Japanese wrote of their fears about the current government to MacArthur. They trusted that he or SCAP would keep the Japanese politicians in line.

The simple act of telling MacArthur they did not trust the Japanese leaders implies that they trusted MacArthur.

One of these letters reads, “The existing political parties have forgotten their mission for a defeated Japan. They are only interested in party politics and political advantage, and they engage in political mudslinging, leading the country into confusion and panic.”

36 Japan had many political parties during the occupation, and they all fought hard to gain seats. The Japanese thought that MacArthur acted for the people while the political parties fought amongst each other. There is some truth to this, as MacArthur would not sit and wait for the Japanese political leaders to make laws; sometimes, he would use the Emperor to enact what Sodei calls “imperial Potsdam decrees.” 36 Sato Shigeki to MacArthur, 5 March 1947, Dear General MacArthur, 246

37 The occupation did not depose of the Emperor for many reasons, and using his power was one of the reasons. MacArthur sometimes acted quicker than the Japanese government, and Oda has something enlightening and dramatic to say. He writes, “The liberation of farmers, the liberation of laborers, the liberation of women- Oh God, behold this! The innumerable chains he has loosed! Oh who could lose the many ugly chains? 35 Dower, Embracing Defeat, 84. 37 Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 98. 15 None other than the former enemy commander, General MacArthur.”

38 It is easy to see that Oda was pleased that MacArthur was Japan’s great liberator. Electoral politics took a long time to get things done because they had to debate over the issues. However, General MacArthur could have something ordered immediately. Another letter reads, “The wishy-washy attitude of the present cabinet members in not acceptable,” There are many points I cannot support in the speeches of the Diet members.”

39 这封信想表达的是国会对有关天皇的言论自由的态度。 言论自由是允许的，但如果说天皇的坏话，仍然是要受到惩罚的罪行。 有关大不敬的法律仍在继续，只是在 SCAP 的压力下才于 1947 年 11 月进行了修改。 许多寄信投诉天皇或其制度的人因害怕报复而没有留下姓名。 日本政府正在向民主政体转变，但却不允许其人民自由谈论一个人物；这种混杂的信息让日本人感到不安。 这是一个失信的例子，只有在 SCAP 向日本立法者施加压力后，法律才有所改变。 日本人民看到，麦克阿瑟的SCAP优先保护和帮助日本人，但日本领导人只想帮助自己和传统的权力形式。 40 一些日本人对麦克阿瑟的领导和统治的信任超过了对天皇的信任。在很短的时间内，占领军就废除天皇制展开了辩论。 如上所述，他们没有这样做，因为天皇制对占领军仍然有用。 然而，许多日本人认为天皇应对战争负责，并希望他为此受到惩罚。 他们还认为，一旦占领军离开，日本就会回到一个由天皇控制的帝国。 39 S.I.致麦克阿瑟，1945 年 12 月 16 日，见《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，97 页。

40 Sodei，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，96。16 天皇。

41 SCAP 在做了一些研究后发现，天皇在战争期间只是一个摆设，并认为他在计划和攻击其他国家方面没有重要作用。 许多日本人希望将天皇作为战犯起诉，并废除天皇制。 他们认为，"日本人是通过天皇的诏书开始和结束战争的"。

42 值得注意的是，希望废黜天皇的日本人表达了他们对此事的看法。 他们利用新的自由来反对过去。 他们不再想要天皇不对人民负责的政府体制。 即使是那些希望天皇继续留任的人，也只是希望他作为一个形象代言人。 人民希望有一个能听到他们声音的制度，因此他们给麦克阿瑟写信，希望他们能有所作为。 日本新政府的一些成员仍然坚守旧习俗，这与麦克阿瑟的主张和许多日本人的愿望不同。 有一封信这样写道："我想，您（麦克阿瑟）明白为什么社会党那些没骨气的领导人会对天皇制下的民主政府说半梦半醒的话了。"43 信中的作者之所以这样说，是因为在社会党成立时，其中一位领导人高喊 "向天皇致敬"（Banzai）。 在日本新宪法的颁布仪式上，首相甚至对天皇说了 "万岁"。 日本人对此感到震惊是可以理解的。 政客们被视为支持导致战争和苦难的旧方式。 而且，这些旧方式并不支持人民的意愿或他们所获得的权利。 为此，41 英国致麦克阿瑟，1946 年 1 月 19 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，89-90 页。42 乡村农民致麦克阿瑟，未知，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，第 85 页。

43 土浦市市民致麦克阿瑟，1945 年，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，100 页。

44 Sodei，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，100。17 Passin 和 Cohen 指出："在对旧秩序的势利、限制和不公正的积怨的驱使下，在对旧秩序不负责任所带来的破坏的震惊下，在麦克阿瑟将军的人格和信息的激励下，日本人转向了民主。

45 日本人民希望在政府中拥有发言权，他们希望政府是为人民服务的，而不是为天皇服务的。 当权的日本领导人看似尊重旧制度，却让人民对他们产生了不信任。 自然而然，这些人写信向麦克阿瑟表达了他们的意见。 麦克阿瑟的工作被视为将人民从旧政客及其方式中解救出来。

39 The point that this one letter is trying to convey is the Diet’s attitude about free speech regarding the Emperor. Free speech was allowed, but if one spoke badly about the Emperor, it was still a crime that was punishable. The laws of lese majesty still continued, and only under pressure from SCAP were they changed in November of 1947. Many people who sent letters complaining about the Emperor or his system did not leave their names in fear of retaliation. The Japanese government was changing to a democracy, yet it would not let their people speak freely about a figurehead; this mixed message upset the Japanese. It is an example of broken trust, and the law changed only after SCAP put pressure on the Japanese lawmakers. The Japanese people saw that MacArthur’s SCAP had priorities to protect and help the Japanese, but the Japanese leaders only wanted to help themselves and the traditional forms of power.40 Some Japanese trusted MacArthur’s leadership and rule more than they did the Emperor. For a short time, the occupation debated on getting rid of the emperor system. As stated above, they did not do so because the emperor system still was useful to the occupation. However, many Japanese thought the Emperor was responsible for the war and wanted him punished for it. They also believed that once the occupation left, Japan would return to an empire controlled by, 38 Oda Toshiyo to MacArthur, 1949, in Dear General MacArthur, 281. 39 S.I. to MacArthur, 16 December 1945, in Dear General MacArthur, 97.

40 Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 96. 16 the emperor.

41 SCAP, after doing some research, found the Emperor to be only a figurehead during the war and decided that he had no important part in the planning and attacking of other nations. Many Japanese wanted the Emperor to be charged as a war criminal and the imperial system abolished. They thought that the “Japanese began and ended a war through the emperor’s edicts.”

42 It is interesting to point out that the Japanese who wanted the Emperor to be deposed of were voicing their opinion on the matter. They were using their new freedoms to speak out against the past. They no longer wanted a system of government in which the Emperor would not be responsible for the people. Even those who wanted the emperor to remain only wanted him to do so as a figurehead. The people wanted a system in which their voices would be heard, so they sent their letters to MacArthur hoping they would make a difference. Some members of the new Japanese government still held strong to old customs, which was different from what MacArthur stood for and what many Japanese people wanted. One letter read, “I think you [MacArthur] understand why the spineless leaders of the Socialist Party make half-asleep remarks about democratic government under the emperor system.”43 The author of the letter says this because at the founding of the Socialist party, one of the leaders shouted “Banzai (Glory) to the emperor.”44 The author threatened to join the Communist party because of these actions. At the ceremony for Japan’s new Constitution, the Prime Minister even said Banzai to the Emperor. It is understandable that this was alarming to the Japanese. The politicians were seen as supporting the old ways, which led to war and misery. Also, these old ways did not support the will of the people or the rights they had received. For this reason, 41 U.K. to MacArthur, 19 January 1946, Dear General MacArthur, 89-90. 42 Country Farmer to MacArthur, Unknown, Dear General MacArthur, 85.

43 Citizen of Tsuchiura City to MacArthur, 1945, Dear General MacArthur, 100.

44 Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 100. 17 Passin and Cohen note, “Driven by an accumulation of resentments against the snobbery, restrictions, and injustices of the old order, shocked by the devastation its irresponsibility had brought about, and inspired by both the person and the message of General MacArthur, the Japanese turned to democracy.”

45 The Japanese people wanted a voice in their government, and they wanted the government to be for the people, not for the Emperor. The Japanese leaders in power, who seemed to respect the old ways, made the people mistrust them. Naturally, these people wrote and voiced their opinion to the MacArthur. MacArthur’s job was viewed as rescuing the people from the old politicians and their ways.

46 战后日本的贫困状况 战后日本许多人生活贫困，这一点不足为奇。 尽管如此，许多日本人仍对麦克阿瑟将日本变为民主国家心存感激。 日本的日子非常艰难，人们不得不在战后出售或交换他们的传家宝或珍贵财产。 这就是所谓的 "竹笋生活"，因为竹笋可以被一根一根地剥掉，这与人们出售衣服和珍贵物品的情况类似。过着竹笋般的生活，孩子们显然没有多少玩具可玩。 相反，许多孩子开始玩其他类型的游戏，寻找新的娱乐方式。 这导致一些日本儿童把自己当成大兵和妓女来玩，还有一些儿童玩起了假黑市。 还有一些孩子利用美国的礼物和关注麦克阿瑟来度过难关。

47 有一个日本家庭就是一个很好的例子，它充分体现了当时严峻的经济形势和许多人对麦克阿瑟将军的感激之情。 45 西奥多-科恩和赫伯特-帕辛，《重塑日本》，137 46 索代，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，100 页。47 Dower, Embracing Defeat, 95 &111.18 的母亲讲述了家里如何收到四颗美国南瓜种子。 儿子种下了种子，并在学校被告知要看着它长大。 他很快就开始写日记，记录南瓜生长的过程。 母亲说："没有玩具，也没有糖果，我的四个孩子专门观察南瓜的生长。

48 这个家庭很难获得足够的食物："'饥饿'这个词对我们来说成了现实"。48 茂孝的母亲致麦克阿瑟。1946 年 12 月 22 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，104 页。这个家庭的情况越来越糟，母亲描述说，他们 "为了得到土豆或其他食物，把我们的东西一件件卖掉，最后只剩下几件东西"。 这个家庭和当时其他许多家庭一样，经历了竹笋生存的痛苦。 母亲答应写信，并找来学校的朋友帮忙。 全家人一起给麦克阿瑟送去礼物。 她最后说："在这里，我想表达我对您的感激之情，感谢您对我们人民的善意和同情，同时也让您知道，小小的美国南瓜种子是如何在过去六个月里给我的家庭带来欢乐的。

49 父亲在报纸上看到一篇报道，说一个孩子给麦克阿瑟将军带去了鲜花，作为礼物，他将送去一幅南瓜的油画。 茂孝的母亲致麦克阿瑟。1946 年 12 月 22 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，104 页。

50 尽管家里很穷，但他们都团结在一起，用送给麦克阿瑟的礼物来分散注意力，从而度过了艰难的岁月。 这个六口之家用一粒小小的南瓜籽和送给麦克阿瑟礼物的希望来报答他重建日本的恩情。 茂孝的母亲给麦克阿瑟的信。1946 年 12 月 22 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，106 页。19 一些日本人非常感激麦克阿瑟的粮食援助，他们为他举办了一个聚会。资料来源：Sodei，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，第 40 页。 日本严重依赖中国和朝鲜进口农产品。 战后，饥饿成为许多日本人的现实。 1945 年的粮食收成是 30 多年来最差的一年。 许多种植的农作物被投入黑市，以巨额利润出售。 1946 年和 1947 年的收成要好得多，但即便如此，大部分粮食还是流入了黑市，因为价格可能高达正常价格的 7.5 倍。 大藏大臣宣布，如果日本不进口粮食，将有 1 000 万人挨饿。 粮食活动和设法生存成为媒体的热门话题。 战后流行的一档广播节目采访了人行道上的人们，问他们 "你们是如何解决吃饭问题的？

许多日本人将麦克阿瑟的行动视为将人民从绝望中解放出来的一种方式。

51 面向女性的杂志开始刊登如何用稀缺食品做饭的文章。 道尔说，"仅仅是把食物端上餐桌就成了一项艰巨的任务"。

46 Poverty in Postwar Japan It is no surprise that many people in Japan after the war lived in poverty. Despite this, many Japanese still felt thankful towards MacArthur for making Japan a democracy. Times were so tough in Japan that people had to sell or trade their family heirlooms or prized possessions after the war. This became known as the bamboo-shoot existence because a bamboo shoot can be stripped away piece by piece, which is parallel to the people selling their clothes and prized possessions. Living the bamboo-shoot existence, it is obvious that children would not have many toys to play with. Instead, many children started to play other types of games and found new ways to entertain themselves. This led to some Japanese children playing as if they were GIs and prostitutes, and some children played fake black markets. Some other children got through tough times by using gifts from America and focusing on MacArthur.

47 One Japanese family is a perfect example of the dire economic times and the gratitude towards General MacArthur that many others felt and experienced. This letter was written by the, 45 Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan,137 46 Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 100. 47 Dower, Embracing Defeat, 95 &111. 18 mother of the family and described how the family received four American pumpkin seeds. The son planted the seed and was told in school to watch it grow. He soon began a diary with entries about the pumpkin growing. The mother says, “Without toys nor candies, my four little children devoted to observe the growth of the pumpkin.”

48 This family had trouble getting enough food: “The word ‘Starvation’ became a reality to us.” 48 Shigetaka’s mother to MacArthur. 22 December 1946, Dear General MacArthur, 104. The family’s condition got worse as the mother described how they “sold our belongings one by one to get potatoes or some other foods, and there was left only a few things to us.” This family, like many others at the time, experienced the pain of the bamboo- shoot existence. The mother promised to write the letter and got her friends at a school to help her. The entire family joined together to send MacArthur the gift. She finally says, “Here I like to express my gratitude toward your kindness and sympathy to our people and also show you that how the tiny seeds of American pumpkins gave joy last six months to my family.”

49 The father saw a newspaper article about a child who brought flowers to General MacArthur as a with it, he would send an oil painting of the pumpkin. Shigetaka’s mother to MacArthur. 22 December 1946, Dear General MacArthur, 104.

50 Even though the family had very little, they all bound together and worked through the hard times by using their gifts to MacArthur as a distraction. This family of six used a tiny pumpkin seed and the hope they could give a gift to MacArthur as repayment for the rebuilding of Japan. Shigetaka’s mother to MacArthur. 22 December 1946, Dear General MacArthur, 106. 19 Some Japanese are so grateful of MacArthur’s food aid, they throw a party in his honor. Source Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, pg. 40 Food Shortage and Starvation Japan lost the war and, with it, the supplies to feed its own people. Japan was heavily dependant on China and Korea for the import of produce. Starvation became a reality to many Japanese after the war. The food harvest in 1945 was the worst one in over thirty years. Many of the crops that were grown were put on the black market and sold for huge profits. In 1946 and 1947 the harvest was much better, but even then, most of the food went to the black market because the price could be as high as 7.5 times the normal price. The Minister of Finance announced that ten million people would starve if Japan did not receive food imports. Food activities and managing to survive became a popular topic in the media. A popular radio show in 20 the postwar era interviewed people on sidewalks and asked them “How do you manage to eat?”

Many Japanese people saw MacArthur’s actions as a way to liberate the people from despair.

51 Magazines for women began running articles on how to make meals with scarce food items. Dower says that, “Simply putting food on the table became a massive undertaking.”

52 政府规定，成年人平均每天需要摄入 2,200 卡路里的热量才能工作。 1945 年战争刚结束时，人们只能勉强摄入一半的热量。 1946 年和 1947 年，许多日本人只摄入了所需 2200 卡路里的三分之一到四分之一。 这导致许多日本人对政府和占领军非常不满和愤怒。 他们对政府的食品供应不稳定和腐败感到不满。 有一段时间，日本人对占领军感到不满，因为他们似乎更专注于改变政府和日本人的意识形态，而不是帮助他们生存。 早期写给麦克阿瑟的一封信中问道："你是否计划再次用被动的原子弹大规模屠杀人民？

53 然而，日本政府和农民承担了粮食短缺的大部分责任，而麦克阿瑟却因为给日本提供了更多的粮食而成为英雄。

日本人民对他们的领导人和同胞感到失望。 粮食短缺使人们失去了对彼此的信任，也失去了对日本领导层的信任。 一些写给麦克阿瑟的信中谈到了对日本领导层的愤怒和不信任，他们迫使人民卷入战争，却不与人民同甘共苦。 其中一封信中写道："被误导的军事集团将我们无辜的人民带入战争，给贵国造成了巨大困难。[因此，日本人民正在遭受难以形容的苦难。 目前，许多人居无定所，食不果腹"。

54 寄给 51 Dower 的另一封信，《拥抱战败》，96 页。52 Dower，《拥抱战败》，90 53 Dower，《拥抱战败》，90-96。54 Yagi Chosaburo 致麦克阿瑟。1946 年 2 月 15 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，24 页。21 麦克阿瑟完美地捕捉到了当时日本领导人的愤怒和沮丧：

"不仅是我，任何有良知的人都会憎恨现在的当权者。

55 信的作者（首字母缩写为 H.K.）随后谈到了腐败的军队和警察。 H.K. 说，在战争期间和战后，军官和警察来抢走了一车车的食品和酒。 H.K. 还提到身居高位的人如何利用自己的财富和权力购买昂贵的物品，过着奢侈的生活。 然后他（她）说："当权者自己挑起了战争，让我们受苦受难"。穿什么 H.K. 致麦克阿瑟，1945 年 10 月 20 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，第 108 页。56 H.K.致麦克阿瑟，1945 年 10 月 20 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，109 页。57 H.K. 致麦克阿瑟，1945 年 10 月 20 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，109 页。

56 他们不仅让日本人在战争中受苦，还让他们在战后受苦。 H.K. 的愤怒溢于言表："那些身居高位的日本人去挑起战争，我们没有地方住，无法养活我八十岁的老母亲和生病的妹妹，他们难辞其咎"。

57 H.K.和许多其他日本人只是想获得最基本的生活必需品，因此他们攻击那些支持战争并从他们贫穷的同胞身上赚钱的日本高官也就不足为奇了。 日本人民对掌权的日本人感到愤怒，因为大多数平民百姓都在受苦受难，而日本的高级官员却在黑市上攫取物资和赚钱。

日本人民也对 GHQ 和 SCAP 感到不满，但很快就转变成了对麦克阿瑟的感激之情和由衷的敬意。

美国人占领日本的主要目的是改变政府。 美国人只在日本人统治下的经济完全失败时才干预经济。

科恩和帕辛指出，"他们（日本人）不能吃、不能住，也不能做任何事情。

58 Theodore Cohen 和 Herbert Passin，《重塑日本》，139页。

59 日本人民也很清楚这一点。 一封写给麦克阿瑟的信中写道："如果美国不给我们带来粮食，日本会怎么样？我们将不得不逐渐走向死亡"。

52 The government said that the average adult needed to eat 2,200 calories a day in order to work. Right after the war was over in 1945, people barely got half this amount. In 1946 and 1947, many Japanese had a little over one-third to one-fourth of the required 2,200 calories. This caused many Japanese to become very upset and angry with the government and the occupation. They were upset with the government for spotty food deliveries and about its corruption. For a while, the Japanese were upset with the occupation because they seemed more focused on changing the government and ideologies of the Japanese rather than helping them survive. One early letter to MacArthur asked, “Are you planning another mass killing of the people with a passive atomic bomb?”

53 However, the Japanese government and farmers took most of the blame for the food shortages, while MacArthur became a hero for getting Japan more food.

The Japanese people were disillusioned by their leaders and fellow citizens. The food shortages caused the people to lose faith in each other as well as in the Japanese leadership. Some of the letters to MacArthur speak of the anger towards mistrust of the Japanese leadership who forced the people into a war but did not suffer alongside them. One of these letters says, “The misguided military cliques led our innocent people into war and caused great difficulties for your country. [A]s a result, the Japanese people are experiencing indescribable suffering. At present, many have no place to live, there is not enough food to eat.”

54 Another letter sent to 51 Dower, Embracing Defeat, 96. 52 Dower, Embracing Defeat, 90 53 Dower, Embracing Defeat, 90-96. 54 Yagi Chosaburo to MacArthur. 15 February 1946, Dear General MacArthur, 24. 21 MacArthur perfectly captures the anger and frustration toward the Japanese leaders of the time:

“Not only I, but anyone who has a heart would abhor those in power right now.”

55 The writer of the letter, initials H.K., then talks about the corrupt military and police officers. H.K. says that during the war and after it, military officers and the police came and took car loads of food supplies and alcohol. H.K. further mentions how the people in high positions use their wealth and power to buy expensive items and live extravagant lives. He or she then says, “Those in power started a war on their own and made us suffer.” What to wear H.K. to MacArthur, 20 October 1945, Dear General MacArthur, 108. 56 H.K. to MacArthur, 20 October 1945, Dear General MacArthur, 109. 57 H.K. to MacArthur, 20 October 1945, Dear General MacArthur, 109.

56 Not only did they make the Japanese suffer through the war, but they also made them suffer afterwards. H.K.’s anger shines through when he or she says, “Those Japanese in high positions went off and started a war, and they are to blame for us not having a place to live and not being able to feed my eighty-year old mother and my sick sister.”

57 H.K. and many other Japanese were just trying to obtain the bare essentials, so it is no surprise that they would attack the high ranking Japanese who supported the war and made money off of their poor countrymen. The Japanese people were angry at the Japanese in power because most of the common people were suffering, while the high-ranking Japanese were seen taking supplies and making money off the black market.

The Japanese people were also upset with GHQ and SCAP, but this soon changed into feelings of appreciation and heartfelt devotion to MacArthur.

The Americans’ main goal in the occupation of Japan was to change the government. The Americans were only to interfere with the economy if it completely failed under the Japanese.58 Naturally, GHQ only focused on democratizing Japan.

Cohen and Passin state, “they [the Japanese] could not eat, live in, or

58 Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan,139. 22 the new democratic reforms” that MacArthur passed.

59 The Japanese people were also well aware of this. One letter to MacArthur read, “If the United States does not bring us food, what will happen to Japan? We will have to die gradually.”

60 其他人则更大胆地表示，"民主问题应在获得充足食物后再解决"。

61 麦克阿瑟意识到人民正在遭受苦难。 他知道，除非人们有饭吃，有地方住，否则不会发生真正的变化，因此他将恢复作为优先事项。 麦克阿瑟采取的一项措施是在 1945 年底将驻日美军人数从 60 万减少到 20 万。 人口减少后，大量剩余粮食被分给了日本人民。 1946 年春，美国政府问麦克阿瑟是需要更多的粮食还是士兵，麦克阿瑟说他需要更多的粮食。 国会满足了他的要求，第二年，麦克阿瑟要求获得 3.3 亿美元，第二年又要求获得 2.97 亿美元。 1948 年，许多人每天摄入大约 2000 卡路里的热量。 到 1949 年，粮食库存从空空如也增加到 300 多万吨。 麦克阿瑟在国会发言时曾说："饥饿......使一个民族很容易成为任何带来维持生命的食物的意识形态的猎物。"62 麦克阿瑟完全理解他那天所说的话的严重性吗？

他的意思肯定是美国应该为人民提供粮食，因为民族主义者或共产党人可以提供粮食并动摇人民。 有趣的是，我们不禁要问，他的意思是否还包括，如果美国给日本人提供食物，他们会更容易接受民主。 不管是有意还是无意，麦克阿瑟和民主在日本变得非常受欢迎。 许多日本人对他们得到的食物表示感谢。 另一封信写道：59 Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan,138.60 梅致麦克阿瑟，1949 年 12 月 7 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，261 页。61 1945 年 11 月 28 日，无名氏致麦克阿瑟，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，第 54 页。

62 Theodore Cohen 和 Herbert Passin，《重塑日本》，145 页。23 "面对可怕的食品短缺，我们日本人会怎样？ 特别是在我们的粮食状况处于危急时刻，您表现出了极大的兴趣"。

63 由于日本人掌权，人民对麦克阿瑟将军失去了信任，而这种被误导的信任又寄托在麦克阿瑟将军身上。 日本领导人似乎只关心自己，并不像人民那样受苦受难。 与此同时，日本人民只能勉强度日。 然后，麦克阿瑟和美国人增加了给日本人的食物数量。 一封写给麦克阿瑟的信中写道："每次收到口粮，我们都热泪盈眶，感谢您的恩情"。Kamakichi Miichi 致麦克阿瑟，1950 年 11 月 24 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，153 页。

64 另一封信的作者接着说他如何制作微缩模型，并希望将富士山的微缩模型寄给麦克阿瑟，以感谢他和他的同胞收到的粮食。 日本人对麦克阿瑟极为着迷，因为他帮助日本解决了粮食危机。 日本人民将麦克阿瑟视为拯救者，将日本人民从饥饿和饥荒中拯救出来。

65 麦克阿瑟在日本留下的遗产 在麦克阿瑟离开日本后不久，日本人民失去了对他的迷恋。 麦克阿瑟因在朝鲜战争中越权指挥而被解职。 他过于深入朝鲜发动进攻，导致中国加入对美国的战争。 由于这些事件，麦克阿瑟也被解除了在日本的指挥权。 许多日本人对麦克阿瑟这么快就离开感到震惊。 66 当麦克阿瑟离开日本时，成千上万的日本人挤满了街道，目送他离开。

64 SOMA Kose 致麦克阿瑟，1950 年 1 月 1 日，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，224 页。

65 Theodore Cohen 和 Herbert Passin，《重塑日本》，140。

66 Sodei，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，294。24 回到美国后，麦克阿瑟参加了几天的国会听证会。 在其中一次听证会上，麦克阿瑟说日本人 "就像一个 12 岁的男孩"。

60 Other people were bolder with statements such as, “The problem of democracy should be addressed after ample food has been obtained.”

61 MacArthur realized the people were suffering. He knew that no real change would happen unless people had food to eat and places to live, so he made recovery a priority. One step MacArthur made was to decrease the number of U.S. troops in Japan from 600,000 to 200,000 toward the end of 1945. This population decrease left large amounts of food surplus, which was given to the Japanese people. The U.S. government then asked MacArthur in the spring of 1946 if he needed more food or soldiers, and MacArthur said he needed more food. Congress gave him what he requested, and the next year MacArthur asked for 330 million dollars and then for 297 million dollars the following year. In 1948, many people were eating around 2,000 calories a day. The food stock went from empty to over 3 million tons by 1949. While talking to Congress, MacArthur had said “starvation…renders a people an easy prey to any ideology that brings with it life-sustaining food.”62 Did MacArthur fully understand the gravity of the words he said that day?

He surely meant that the United States should provide food for the people because the nationalists or communists could provide food and sway the people. It is interesting to wonder if he also meant that the Japanese would be more accepting of democracy if the United States feed them. Intended or not, MacArthur and democracy became very popular in Japan. Many Japanese people were thankful for the food they received. Another letter reads, 59 Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan,138. 60 Ume to MacArthur, 7 December 1949, Dear General MacArthur, 261. 61 Anonymous to MacArthur, 28 November 1945, Dear General MacArthur, 54

62 Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan,145. 23 “what would become of us Japanese faced with the terrible shortage of foodstuff. Particularly at the time when our food situation was in a critical condition you showed profound interest.”

63 The people’s trust was broken with the Japanese in power, and this misguided trust found was placed in General MacArthur. The Japanese leaders only seemed concerned for themselves and did not seem to suffer like the people. Meanwhile, the Japanese people were barely getting by. Then, MacArthur and the Americans increase the amount of food given to the Japanese. One letter to MacArthur reads, “Every time we receive food rations, we are grateful for your kindness with tears in our eyes.” Kamakichi Miichi to MacArthur, 24 November 1950, Dear General MacArthur, 153.

64 The author of another letter goes on to say how he builds miniatures and wants to send a miniature of Mount Fuji to MacArthur in appreciation for the food he and his countrymen received. The Japanese became extremely enthralled with MacArthur because he helped Japan with its food crisis. The Japanese people saw MacArthur as a rescuer, saving the Japanese people from hunger and starvation.

65 MacArthur’s Legacy in Japan The Japanese people lost their infatuation with MacArthur soon after he left Japan. MacArthur was dismissed from command after overstepping his orders in the Korean War. He attacked too far into North Korea, which caused the Chinese to enter into the war against the United States. Due to these events MacArthur was also dismissed from command in Japan, as well. Many Japanese were shocked at the thought of MacArthur leaving so soon. Many were also surprised at how the civil side of government had such power of the military.66 When MacArthur left Japan, thousands of Japanese crowded the streets in order to see him leave.

64 SOMA Kose to MacArthur, 1 January 1950, Dear General MacArthur, 224.

65 Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, Remaking Japan,140.

66 Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 294. 24 he returned to America, MacArthur was in congressional hearings for several days. In one of these hearings MacArthur said that the Japanese were “like a boy of twelve.”

67 这句话是断章取义，但它并没有改变解放日本人民的人现在侮辱了日本人民的事实。 麦克阿瑟的这一标题和引语让日本人民感到难堪。 在东京建造麦克阿瑟雕像的计划被放弃了。 许多日本人感到愤怒，选择忘记和无视麦克阿瑟前几年在日本的所作所为。 占领之后，日本人再也没有记起麦克阿瑟，也没有给予他同样的待遇。Dower, Embracing Defeat, 551。68 Dower, Embracing Defeat, 551

68 然而，这并不意味着今天的日本人忽视或否定麦克阿瑟的所作所为。 今天，许多日本人都知道麦克阿瑟，他是一位仁慈而英明的领导人。 然而，人们并没有记住他是日本人在占领时期心目中的伟大解放者。 .

69 Sodei，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，299 页。25

成千上万的日本人在街上列队欢送麦克阿瑟将军。资料来源：索代，《亲爱的麦克阿瑟将军》，第 295 页 有人认为，麦克阿瑟作为解放者在日本并不受欢迎。 多尔（Dower）说，日本人民几乎在生活的各个方面都 "拥戴 "作为指挥官的麦克阿瑟。 他说，一些妇女写信说她们想要麦克阿瑟的孩子，这证明日本人在性方面也拥护麦克阿瑟。 道尔说，麦克阿瑟被视为男性和权力的形象。 然而，我认为日本人喜欢麦克阿瑟并不是因为他的阳刚之气或性欲。 首先，道尔的论点只适用于给他寄信的女性。 此外，这也只适用于女性，这就是为什么道尔接着说许多男性也将麦克阿瑟视为男子气概的典范。 多尔对这一职业的男性暗示得太多了。

70 此外，这些信件都没有被收入索代的《多尔集》，《拥抱失败》，233 页。26 封信。

他确实提到过这些信件，如果它们确实具有启发性，或者反映了当时流行的观点，索代肯定会将它们收录其中。 我认为，如果这封信意义重大，一位著名的学者不会在他的作品中忽略这一点。 我认为，日本人民喜欢麦克阿瑟显然是因为他为人民做了什么，而不是他代表了什么。 日本人民喜欢麦克阿瑟，是因为他们把他看作是解放者，一个为他们的福祉而战的掌权者。 前面提到的女性来信很有意思，但我认为这些来信并没有多到说麦克阿瑟将军和占领军受到了性方面的看待。 索代在书中还说，他认为日本人喜欢麦克阿瑟是因为 "服从权威的民族特性"。

71 索代说，这就是日本人以对待自己天皇的方式对待麦克阿瑟的原因，也是他们热衷于向麦克阿瑟送礼物和发出邀请的原因。 我同意，对麦克阿瑟的崇敬有一部分与向领导人表示极大敬意的普通行为有关，但并非全部。 许多信件都是寄给麦克阿瑟的，请求他帮忙或完成某些事情。 从整顿政府到确保人民有足够的食物吃，不一而足。 许多礼物都是因为麦克阿瑟为人民所做的事情而送给他的。 索代混淆了日本人的感激之情和他所认为的对权威的服从。 此外，如果索代的说法属实，那么日本人为什么不相信他们的政治家和天皇的权威呢？ 麦克阿瑟并不是战后日本唯一的权威。 事实上，麦克阿瑟负责制定了许多日本政客的工作框架。 如果日本人的行为是出于对权威的尊重，那么为什么有些人要求麦克阿瑟改变或修复他在日本建立的政治制度呢？ 日本人之所以喜欢麦克阿瑟并写信给他，是因为 Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 76.27 他是他们的解放者；他可以纠正其他人无法或不会关心的问题。

67 This quote was taken out of context, but it does not change the fact that the man who liberated the Japanese people had now insulted them. This headline and quote from MacArthur embarrassed the Japanese people. Plans to build a statue of MacArthur in Tokyo were abandoned. Many Japanese were angry and chose to forget and ignore MacArthur’s actions in Japan from the previous few years. MacArthur was never remembered or treated the same by the Japanese after occupation. Dower, Embracing Defeat, 551. 68 Dower, Embracing Defeat, 551

68 However, this does not mean that the Japanese people of today ignore or dismiss what MacArthur did. Many Japanese today know of MacArthur, and he is remembered for being a benevolent and wise leader. However, he is not remembered for being the great liberator that the Japanese thought of him as during the occupation. .

69 Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 299. 25

Thousands of Japanese line the streets, bidding farewell to General MacArthur. Source Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, pg. 295 Some people argue that MacArthur was not loved in Japan as a liberator. Dower states that the Japanese people “embraced” MacArthur as commander in almost every aspect of life. He says that the letters written by women stating they wanted to have MacArthur’s child is proof that the Japanese also sexually embraced MacArthur. Dower says that MacArthur was looked on as an image of masculinity and power. However, I think the Japanese did not like MacArthur because of his masculinity or sexuality. First, Dower’s argument only works for the women who sent him such letters. Also, it would only apply to women, which is why Dower then says that many men also looked toward MacArthur as a model of manliness. Dower is implying too much upon the men of the occupation.

70 Also, none of these letters make it into Sodei’s collection of Dower, Embracing Defeat, 233. 26 letters.

He does mention them, and if they were truly enlightening or if they reflected a popular viewpoint of the time, Sodei surely would have included them. I do not think that a prestigious academic would leave this out of one of his works if it had been so significant. I think it is clear that the Japanese people liked MacArthur because of what he did for the people, instead of what he represented. The Japanese people liked MacArthur because they saw him as a liberator, a person in power fighting for their welfare. The letters from women mentioned before are interesting, but I do not think that they were so numerous as to say that General MacArthur and the occupation were looked upon sexually. Sodei also says throughout his book that he thinks the Japanese liked MacArthur because of a “national characteristic of subservience to authority.”

71 Sodei says this is the reason why the Japanese treated MacArthur the way they would treat their own emperor and why they were so eager to send him gifts and invitations. I agree that some of the reverence for MacArthur had to do with the common act of showing great respect to the leaders, but not all of it. Many of the letters were sent to MacArthur asking him for favors or to get certain things done. This ranged from fixing the government to making sure the people had enough food to eat. Many of the gifts were given to MacArthur because of what he did for the people. Sodei is confusing the gratitude of the Japanese with what he thinks is subservience to authority. Also, if Sodei’s agreement is true, then why did the Japanese not trust the authority of their politicians and emperor? MacArthur was not the only authority in postwar Japan. In fact, MacArthur was responsible for setting the framework in which many of these Japanese politicians worked. If the Japanese were acting out of respect for authority, then why did some people ask MacArthur to change or fix the political system he set up in Japan? The Japanese people liked and wrote to MacArthur because: Sodei, Dear General MacArthur, 76.27 he was their liberator; he could correct problems or issues that no one else could or would care about.

最后，麦克阿瑟本人认为自己就像日本人民的救世主。 他在回忆录中提到，他喜欢一位日本作家谈论投降仪式的方式。 他把这位作家关于投降仪式的文字作品写进了自己的回忆录，而不是自己写。 在描述麦克阿瑟讲话时，这段话变得非常戏剧化，近乎圣经。 "天空散开，阳光灿烂 "就是这种奉承演说的一个例子。

72 这段文字中的另一段写道："麦克阿瑟将军......是人类努力的沙漠中一座闪亮的方尖碑，标志着向持久和平永恒迈进"。道格拉斯-麦克阿瑟，《回忆录》：陆军上将》（纽约，麦格劳-希尔公司，1964 年），275 页。

73 从这些解读和他的其他言论中可以清楚地看出，麦克阿瑟将军将自己视为日本的救世主。 他收到的信件可能强化了他的这种想法。 他确实从许多问题中拯救了日本人民，但并不是他们的救世主。 如果日本将他视为救世主，那么他......就不会在占领结束后立即被遗忘。 人们对他在国会的发言会有不同的记忆，或从不同的角度来理解。 麦克阿瑟在国会就日本问题发表讲话后，就被日本人从他们的直接记忆中抹去了，因为他们的解放者背叛了他们。 如果麦克阿瑟所说的话是某个宗教救世主说的，那么日本就不会对麦克阿瑟做出同样的反应。 人们不能简单地忽视一个宗教人物的言行，但一个短暂帮助过你的人的言行却更容易被遗忘。 总的来说，日本人喜欢麦克阿瑟担任最高司令官的日子，因为他解放了人民。 麦克阿瑟把日本人民从军队的腐败中解放出来 * 麦克阿瑟，《回忆录》，277页。28 和战时政府。

日本人民认为是麦克阿瑟赋予了他们言论自由和集会自由的权利。 日本人民感谢麦克阿瑟为日本送去食物，使他们免于饥饿。 日本人还认为麦克阿瑟可以把人民从贪婪的政客手中拯救出来。 一些日本人甚至希望麦克阿瑟把他们从天皇手中解放出来。 日本人民之所以信任麦克阿瑟，是因为他所做的一切，或者看起来是在为人民谋福利。 他们在写给麦克阿瑟的信中清楚地表明了这一点。 美国占领日本是一个非常独特和有趣的时期。 日本人民并没有失去所有希望，而是相信他们的征服和失败只会帮助他们变得更加强大。 日本人民相信，麦克阿瑟的行动和法令将把他们从战争的废墟中解放出来，带领他们走向更美好、更光明的未来。

Lastly, MacArthur himself thought he was like a savior to the Japanese people. In his memoir, he mentions how he liked the way a Japanese writer talked about the surrender ceremony. He puts this writer’s written work about the ceremony in his memoir instead of writing about it himself. The passage gets very dramatic and almost biblical as it describes MacArthur speaking. “[T]he skies parted, and sun shone brightly” is one example of this flattering speech.

72 Another passage in this text reads, “General MacArthur…a shining obelisk in the desert of human endeavor that marks a timeless march onward toward an enduring peace.” Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences: General of the Army (New York, McGraw-Hill Company, 1964), 275.

73 It is very clear from these readings and his other sayings that General MacArthur thought of himself as Japan’s savior. This idea might have been reinforced through the letters he received. He did save the Japanese people from a lot of problems, but was not their savior. If Japan thought of him as a savior, he would … not have been immediately forgotten after the occupation. His remarks to Congress would have been remembered differently or taken in a different context. After speaking to Congress about Japan, MacArthur was shoved away from the immediate memory of the Japanese because their liberator had betrayed them. If some sort of religious savior had said what he said, then Japan would not have reacted in the same way it did to MacArthur. One cannot simply ignore the actions and words of a religious figure, but the words and actions of a man who helped you for a brief period can be more easily forgotten. Overall, the Japanese enjoyed MacArthur’s time as Supreme Commander because he liberated the people. MacArthur released the Japanese people from the corruption of the military *MacArthur, Reminiscences, 277. 28 and war-time government.

The Japanese people saw MacArthur as the one who gave them the rights of free speech and assembly. The Japanese people were grateful to MacArthur for the food he sent Japan and for saving them from hunger. The Japanese also thought MacArthur could save the people from greedy politicians. Some of the Japanese people even wanted MacArthur to liberate them from the emperor. The Japanese people trusted MacArthur because of what he did or appeared to be doing for the good of the people. They make this clear in the letters that they wrote to him. The American occupation of Japan was a very unique and interesting time. Instead of losing all hope, the people believed that their conquest and defeat could only help them grow stronger. The Japanese people believed MacArthur’s actions and edicts would liberate them from the ashes of war and lead them into a better and brighter future.