為什麼有些人一直指責法國在西非和中非的前殖民地沒有做得更好,而加蓬、摩洛哥、突尼斯、塞舌爾、毛里求斯和阿爾及利亞儘管被法國殖民,但情況卻要好得多?
現在讓我們分三部分來了解摩洛哥如何在1970年獲得獨立:
- Béni-Oui-Oui 人是誰?
- 美國總統是否煽動了殖民地叛亂?
- 國王是如何欺騙法國削弱自己的?
I) Béni-Oui-Oui 人是誰?
1912 年法國占領摩洛哥後,迅速組建了一個由酋長、商人和貴族組成的聯盟。例如,馬拉喀什的曼蘇里家族和格勞伊酋長塔米。兩支軍隊都利用自己的資源幫助法國鞏固在摩洛哥的地位。但他們為什麼要這麼做呢?塔米的兄弟邁達尼 (Madani) 在 1900 年至 1910 年間拼命保護摩洛哥主權,為什麼要毀掉所有這些努力呢?嗯……法國付出了豐厚的代價。
共和國獎勵貝尼-維-維人頭銜、權威職位、工業資產(他們是唯一被允許擁有工廠的摩洛哥人)、能夠保留他們的土地(其他精英階層的土地被沒收)等等。現在,Béni-Oui-Oui 的下面是摩洛哥平民,可以說他們收到了桌子上的麵包屑。通過他們,法國統治了摩洛哥。
以穆罕默德·埃爾·莫克里為例。他從 1911 年到 1955 年擔任首相。我知道你在想什麼,“如果他在這個職位上呆了 44 年,他一定是一位出色的政治家。” 他確實是。你必須記住,作為 Béni-Oui-Oui 的領導人,他不得不與法國人打交道 43 年(佔領始於 1912 年)。如果他想繼續擔任總理,就必須讓巴黎高興。
埃爾莫克里
現在,一些精英成員確實抵抗了法國的佔領,但到了1934年,他們被殺害或收買。1935年至1945年期間通常被視為貝尼-維-維的黃金時代,他們的權力穩定並處於頂峰由於第二次世界大戰,法國的要求越來越少,以免貝尼-維-維人試圖叛逃到納粹德國,資金源源不斷地進來。
但為什麼就結束了呢?
II) 美國總統是否煽動了殖民叛亂?
1927年,17歲的穆罕默德王子即位。貝尼-維-維和法國忽視了年輕的蘇丹,因為他被認為太膽小而無法構成威脅,他們是對的。據蘇丹穆罕默德的兒子兼繼任者哈桑二世國王說,改變的是與美國總統富蘭克林·D·羅斯福(1933-1945)的一次談話。
年輕的穆罕默德五世
1943年,同盟國在卡薩布蘭卡召開會議,蘇丹穆罕默德出席了會議。在會議上,羅斯福總統將蘇丹拉到一邊進行私人談話,他表示美國支持摩洛哥獨立。美國從未對此發表評論,所以我們沒有美國方面的意見。據哈桑二世國王稱,他的父親認為這意味著美國鼓勵他發動叛亂。
所以他做到了。法國和貝尼烏伊烏伊人不禁注意到了發展良好、非常擅長工作的抵抗組織的出現。沒過多久,他們就意識到這是因為蘇丹穆罕默德洩露了他們所有的舉動和弱點。
- 這為蘇丹贏得了民眾的欽佩,特別是因為蘇丹穆罕默德對他的洩密對像有偏見。他甚至會將敏感文件和信息交給共產主義抵抗組織。
- 這引起了蘇丹對法國和貝尼-維-維家族的仇恨,因此在1953年,貝尼-維-維家族動員他們的士兵迫使蘇丹流亡,並用他們的一位穆罕默德親王(蘇丹的年長叔叔和Béni-Oui-Oui 本人)。
這適得其反,抵抗變得更加不精確和更加暴力。此前的運作方式是,蘇丹得知總理莫克里的助手將於下午 3:30 穿過巴黎大道,他會通知當地抵抗組織,然後該組織會暗殺該人物。蘇丹下台後,當地的抵抗組織就會襲擊一家法國咖啡館,殺死他們看到的任何法國人和通敵者。
摩洛哥聖誕市場爆炸事件發生後,在蘇丹沒有洩露情報的情況下,抵抗組織直接攻擊法國平民,因為暗殺貝尼-維-維及其同夥變得更加困難
隨著阿爾及利亞戰爭的升溫,法國感到無法同時打擊兩個叛亂分子,因此於1956 年初決定給予摩洛哥“獨立”。這樣做並不是出於善意,而是因為法國認為它仍然可以通過使用摩洛哥來維持控制。貝尼-維-維。
III) 國王是如何欺騙法國削弱自己的?
蘇丹穆罕默德五世於 1955 年重新掌權,但現在不得不應對內部不穩定的問題,因為各個政治參與者在摩洛哥應該打造什麼樣的未來問題上發生了衝突。蘇丹於 1961 年去世,由他的兒子哈桑二世(1961-1999 年在位)繼任。
國王哈桑二世並不傻,這就是為什麼他在父親生命的最後幾年裡一直在擺脫貝尼-維-維,而法國卻竭盡全力阻止他,直到達成某種協議。
- 法國放棄倖存的貝尼維維
- 哈桑二世國王承諾讓法國保留所有殖民成果
什麼殖民收益?
貝尼-維-維家族並不是 1912 年至 1956 年間唯一積累財富的群體。法國公民收購了摩洛哥的大部分農田、幾乎所有礦山和絕大多數工廠。法國之所以千方百計讓摩洛哥陷入內戰,就是希望任何獲勝的派別都承諾讓法國保住自己的成果。
摩洛哥的葡萄園,這個穆斯林王國的葡萄酒工業是由法國建立的,法國希望永遠保留它。
這就是為什麼哈桑二世國王決定通過向法國做出承諾來先發製人。
為什麼法國信任國王?
首先,國王是在法國占領期間出生和長大的。雖然他是一位阿拉伯-柏柏爾穆斯林君主,但他也有濃厚的法國血統。他說一口流利的法語,他在巴黎有一個家,他幾乎只用法語讀書,他穿著法國時裝等等。
哈桑二世國王
其次,國王面臨國內威脅,甚至主動提出幫助以色列,如果以色列利用摩薩德暗殺君主制的批評者。法國人認為國王是絕望的,而不是堅強的。第三,法國面臨西班牙和美國的壓力。
於是法國同意了,剩下的 Béni-Oui-Oui 被消滅了,一切都很好,直到 1970 年摩洛哥真正的獨立日。
哈桑二世國王通過了一項土地法,沒收所有法國財產
公平地說,國王表示,只有法國公民在 1912 年至 1956 年間獲得的財產才會被沒收。法國人無能為力,只能驚恐地看著他們在摩洛哥的大量財產一夜之間消失殆盡。
- 他們無法發動政變,摩洛哥軍隊裡擠滿了君主主義者。
- 他們無法引發內戰,貝尼-維-維人要么死了,要么身無分文。
- 他們無法引發叛亂,阿爾及利亞的種族滅絕對摩洛哥人來說還歷歷在目,因此法國人深惡痛絕。
通過在 1960 年代中期同意哈桑二世國王的協議,法國放棄了所有牌,不得不勉強接受摩洛哥作為一個獨立國家和盟友,而不是像科特迪瓦或塞內加爾那樣的“獨立”附庸國。
所以你有它
- 摩洛哥做得更好,因為它擺脫了 Béni-Oui-Oui
- 西非其他國家仍然受到“Béni-Oui-Oui”的困擾,或者正在應對西方擺脫“Béni-Oui-Oui”的報復。
“為什麼總是‘西方是邪惡的’,為什麼非西方民族就不能是無能的呢?”
法國對非洲的政策並不反常。沙特阿拉伯與卡塔爾的衝突根源在於卡塔爾於1995年從沙特阿拉伯獲得獨立,當時埃米爾哈馬德(1995-2013年在位)因厭倦了沙特霸權而推翻了他的父親。
埃米爾·哈馬德
沙特人試圖組織政變進行報復,但沙特情報部門缺乏法國情報部門的能力和技能,因此失敗了。
從1996年到2015年,沙特家族採取了冷沉默的政策,但隨後的2015年到2021年,他們又採取了積極的敵對和包圍政策,直到他們決定恢復冷沉默。
因此,法國試圖間接維持其帝國並不反常,但這並不能改變它破壞了數千萬人的生活、破壞了十幾個國家的潛力並引發危機的事實。這只是意味著這是霸權國家的正常政策。
我認為你已經落伍很多年了,OP。
英國現在根本不搞殖民主義,多年來一直沒有。我們系統地瓦解了我們的帝國,主要是在我還是個嬰兒或小孩的時候,我出生於1952 年。當我上中學時,我們常常用大多數地理課的第一部分來劃掉我們學校裡過時的地名。教科書,並以獨立後的新名稱書寫。英國並不試圖統治非洲任何地方,儘管那裡的大多數前帝國國家都選擇成為英聯邦的一部分。那是他們的自由選擇。
不會。印度尼西亞處於類似殖民體系的時間更長,至少從俄羅斯看來,它的情況要好得多。然而,非洲國家與貧窮的亞洲國家有一個共同點,那就是部落主義。在大多數非洲國家,你首先是部落的成員,然後才是你國家的公民。這自然會導致裙帶關係,不同部落之間的不信任,部落間合作的可能性很小。一個部落的成員控制政府並征服所有其他部落,然後他們被另一個部落的成員推翻,一切以不同的方式重新開始。
Africa is not poor!!
Africa is undoubtedly one of the richest continents with so many naturally occurring resources, with a great variety of culture and really amazing people. I don’t see a definition of wealth that Africa does not fit into.
Now, ‘AFRICANS ARE POOR’.
Why?
Because we are being oppressed. Not so much by developed countries as we are by our own leaders. Because there is no proper management of our resources or the profit from these resources.
I could go on and on about how we have politicians and not leaders but it’s sickening. Bottom line is colonialism is not the reason why we are p
I live in South Africa. My family was from England. My grandfather was a steam train inspector for British railways, and would work anywhere where the British colonies were. He and his family, my father with his sister's lived in many colonies, Palestine, Ceylon (Sri Lanka today), Rhodesia (Zimbabwe today) and the Republic of South Africa (just South Africa today).
My Father finally settled in Durban, South Africa, where I was born.
I can remember the city of Durban from the 1970's, and the neatness and order of life and the infrastructure of the time, the neat way people used to dress and the o
No I believe much of why Africa is poor is due to Tribal conflict.
We have only to look at those countries that were actually thriving and doing quite well until they kicked out the white man.
Rhodesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, then further north, Libya, Algeria, Morocco where leadership is weak.
Gadhafi for all his faults was a leader and gave much more than he was credited for.
No Colonialism was not the reason!
I do not believe colonialism is the main reason for poverty in Africa. However, before arguing this topic I ought to acknowledge the stagnating effect colonialism, the transatlantic slavery trade and neocolonialism in all its form have had on African economies.
From my perspective Africa is poor because of weak leadership, failure to plan for the future and bad governance. African leaders have completely failed to think the Africa of tomorrow and craft appropriate policies which are conducive to reaching their respective goals.
Nevertheless, it’s worth mentioning that some countries in Africa ar
Africa is poor due to geography. European colonialism actually helped them a bit but not for long. Also Islamic Conquest isolated central and South Africa from trade from other parts of the world for centuries. It costs 16 times cheaper to transport goods by water than by land. Africa lacks navigable rivers for trade, so it's only logical that only the Nile regions had stable success while the central parts didn’t.
I do not believe colonialism is a reason why Africans are poor. Infact, it should be a reason why Africans or black nations should be rich. Colonialism brought about orderliness, massive infrastructural developments. As a matter of fact, most of the federal roads we have in Nigeria are the ones paved and constructed by the whites. Every subsequent government only renovates it.
This was Lagos during colonialism.
This is Lagos now.
And please, don’t talk about increase in population. It has nothing to do with orderliness and development. We are our own problems. Yes the westerners add to it, but th
The issues raised such as tribalism and bribery by Western powers is a much later set of economic depressors. A much longer and significant cause of this more primitive approach to government, economy and trade are the geographical factors such as equatorial division between the desert states of the North and the humid tropical barrier for developing more zero sum trade practices between tribes. Also the tropical diseases were much worse than experienced by the Eurasian continents particularly eboli and titsi fly epidemics which killed many animals and people every year. Finally most of the wi
Yes, but not in the way you think
People often point out the Later European Colonialism in the late 19th ad 20th Centuries as what made Africa poor, however the Reality is that that phase of African Colonialism actually Changed very little, Tribal, Religious, and Cultural lines mostly remained Unchanged before and after this phase of Colonialism, only significant damage it did is the artificial borders
No, The Real Destroyer however is the Transatlantic Slave Trade, which is the one that Really Impoverished all of Africa, How?
Well, It Destroyed the Economies of many of the Interior African Kingd
The reason parts of Afria are so poor is infighting amoungst the tribes, corruption and stupidity.
For instance: Zimbabwe was once a prosporous nation and was in a very long time past described as the food bowl of Africa.
However, under a tribal dictatorship, Mugabe’s government screwed things up in their land redistribution policies = only Mugabe followers got the land, and they knew between little to nothing about farming and so crops failed, inflation went through the roof etc.
Those black Zimbabweans whose life had been farming for generations (albeit working for the white fella) were kicked
Seriously??? Is this even a question.
The continent of Africa was one of the wealthiest in the World. Although the West tried to paint Africa as some uncivilized place that was the biggest marketing lie told in history. Africa was extremely developed with its own cities, palaces, landmarks, paintings, art, music, and very rich history.
Ibn Battuta was a famous World Traveler and this was some of his quotes on different empires and countries in Africa. This was during the 1300s btw ..
Mali
Ibn Battuta was impressed that the Mali people "have a greater hatred of injustice than any other people." He

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