德國人在 1945 年 5 月 8 日真的感到解放了嗎？
不，這不對。他們不但沒有感到解放，反而感到羞辱。
同盟國的主要目的並不是解放德國人民，他們關心的是對納粹德國的軍事勝利、德國軍事潛力的破壞以及納粹對歐洲統治的結束。
歷史學家邁克爾·貝施洛斯 (Michael Beschloss) 的解釋如下。
“德國未來政府的秘密指令 JCS 1067（其最終版本於 1945 年 4 月提出）確實明確指出，德國“被佔領不是為了解放，而是作為一個被征服的敵國”，重工業瓦解，卡特爾被解散，軍隊被廢除，全面的去納粹化措施被實施。”
儘管JCS 1067在後來的歷史中沒有發揮重要作用，但從德國人的角度來看，盟軍是佔領者而不是解放者。儘管如此，人們還是更願意落入美國人或英國人的手中，而不是落入俄羅斯人的手中。但這更多的是對自己生命的關心。
Is it true that Germans felt liberated on the 8th of May 1945?
No its not. They did not feel liberated but humiliated.
The Allies did not primarily come to liberate the German population, they were concerned with the military victory over Nazi Germany, the destruction of Germany’s military potential and the end of Nazi rule over Europe.
The historian Michael Beschloss explained is as follows.
”The secret directive JCS 1067 for the future government of Germany, the final version of which was presented in April 1945, did specify that Germany was 'occupied not for the purpose of liberation but as a conquered enemy state', that heavy industry was to be dismantled, that cartels were to be disentangled, that the military was to be abolished and that comprehensive denazification measures were to be conducted.”
Although JCS 1067 was not to play a major role later in history, from the perspective of the Germans, the Allies were occupiers and not liberators. Nonetheless one was more glad to fall into the hands of the Americans or the British than the Russians. But this was more about concern for one's own life.
逃亡中的德國人
1939 年，德國人口略低於 7000 萬。第二次世界大戰中有多達 700 萬士兵和平民喪生。隨著蘇俄對東德領土的進攻，引發了巨大的難民潮。這導致 1944 年至 1950 年間有 12 至 1800 萬德國難民離開家園，步行向西德遷移。到達西方後，他們發現一個幾乎完全被摧毀的國家，空間狹小，食物也太少。基本上一切都短缺：一半的住房被炸毀（特別是在城市），基礎設施被毀或無法使用，沒有足夠的食物，醫療服務也不足。大多數入伍年齡的男子要么死亡、受傷，要么成為戰俘。在那種情況下，大多數德國人可能根本沒有時間去思考自己是否獲得了解放。他們為生存而掙扎。
當然，絕大多數德國人對戰爭結束並且終於可以重新開始感到高興。用許多德國歷史學家的話說，1945年5月8日，人們談到“零時”，一種一切都被抹去的感覺，一張白紙，從頭開始。
Germans on the run
In 1939 the German population was just under 70 million. Up to 7 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives in World War II. A huge refugee wave was initiated with the Soviet Russian offensive on the East German territories. This resulted in 12 to 18 million refugees Germans between 1944 and 1950, who left their homes and migrated by feet towards West Germany. Arriving in the West, they found an almost completely destroyed country with not enough space and too little food. There was a shortage of basically everything: Half of the housing had been bombed out (in particular in the cities), the infrastructure was destroyed or unusable, there was not enough food and only inadequate medical care. Most men of military age were either dead, wounded, or prisoners of war. In that situation most Germans probably didn't even have time to think about whether they were liberated or not. They were struggling to survive.
Certainly the vast majority of Germans were happy that the war was over and that it was finally possible to start anew. In the parlance of many German historians, in connection with May 8th, 1945, one speaks of the "zero hour", a feeling of everything is erased, a blank sheet of paper, starting again from the scratch.
理查德·卡爾·弗賴赫爾·馮·魏茨澤克向德意志民族發表講話。
40年後，第一位高級政治家、時任德意志聯邦共和國總統理查德·卡爾·弗賴赫爾·馮·魏茨澤克首次正式談到“解放”。1985 年 5 月 8 日，他在波恩德國議會前發表演講時說道：
“……然而，我們今天要共同說的話一天天變得越來越清楚：5 月 8 日是解放的一天。他將我們所有人從國家社會主義暴政的非人道製度中解放出來。”
與大多數德國人仍然認為戰爭結束是一種恥辱相反，他將戰爭的結束定義為解放。他在講話中還談到德國人對納粹罪行負有歷史責任。
“我們決不能將戰爭的結束視為逃亡、驅逐和剝奪自由的原因。其原因可以追溯到引發戰爭的暴政的開始。我們不能將 1945 年 5 月 8 日與 1933 年 1 月 30 日分開。”
我認為今天大多數德國人完全同意魏茨澤克的說法。
Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker addressing the German Nation.
It took 40 years before the first high-ranking politician, Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker the then President of the Federal Republic of Germany, officially spoke of “liberation” for the first time. In his speech on May 8th, 1985 in front of the German Parlament in Bonn he said:
“... nevertheless, day by day it became clearer what we all have to say together today: May 8th was a day of liberation. He freed us all from the inhuman system of National Socialist tyranny.”
In contrast to the way the end of the war was still perceived by a majority of people in Germany - a humiliation - he defined the end of the war as liberation. In his speech he also spoke of the historic responsibility of the Germans for the crimes of the Nazis.
“We must not regard the end of the war as the cause of flight, expulsion and deprivation of freedom. The cause goes back to the start of the tyranny that brought about war. We must not separate 8 May 1945 from 30 January 1933.”
I think the majority of Germans today fully agree with Weizsäcker's statement.
我相信到戰爭結束時，所有反對該政權的人都已被殺害
No its not. They did not feel liberated but humiliated.
The Allies did not primarily come to liberate the German population, they were concerned with the military victory over Nazi Germany, the destruction of Germany’s military potential and the end of Nazi rule over Europe.
The historian Michael Beschloss explained is as follows.
”The secret directive JCS 1067 for the future government of Germany, the final version of which was presented in April 1945, did specify that Germany was 'occupied not for the purpose of liberation but as a conquered enemy state', that heavy industry was to be dismantled, that cartels were to be disentangled, that the military was to be abolished and that comprehensive denazification measures were to be conducted.”
Although JCS 1067 was not to play a major role later in history, from the perspective of the Germans, the Allies were occupiers and not liberators. Nonetheless one was more glad to fall into the hands of the Americans or the British than the Russians. But this was more about concern for one's own life.
Germans on the run
In 1939 the German population was just under 70 million. Up to 7 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives in World War II. A huge refugee wave was initiated with the Soviet Russian offensive on the East German territories. This resulted in 12 to 18 million refugees Germans between 1944 and 1950, who left their homes and migrated by feet towards West Germany. Arriving in the West, they found an almost completely destroyed country with not enough space and too little food. There was a shortage of basically everything: Half of the housing had been bombed out (in particular in the cities), the infrastructure was destroyed or unusable, there was not enough food and only inadequate medical care. Most men of military age were either dead, wounded, or prisoners of war. In that situation most Germans probably didn't even have time to think about whether they were liberated or not. They were struggling to survive.
Certainly the vast majority of Germans were happy that the war was over and that it was finally possible to start anew. In the parlance of many German historians, in connection with May 8th, 1945, one speaks of the "zero hour", a feeling of everything is erased, a blank sheet of paper, starting again from the scratch.
Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker addressing the German Nation.
It took 40 years before the first high-ranking politician, Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker the then President of the Federal Republic of Germany, officially spoke of “liberation” for the first time. In his speech on May 8th, 1985 in front of the German Parlament in Bonn he said:
“... nevertheless, day by day it became clearer what we all have to say together today: May 8th was a day of liberation. He freed us all from the inhuman system of National Socialist tyranny.”
In contrast to the way the end of the war was still perceived by a majority of people in Germany - a humiliation - he defined the end of the war as liberation. In his speech he also spoke of the historic responsibility of the Germans for the crimes of the Nazis.
“We must not regard the end of the war as the cause of flight, expulsion and deprivation of freedom. The cause goes back to the start of the tyranny that brought about war. We must not separate 8 May 1945 from 30 January 1933.”
I think the majority of Germans today fully agree with Weizsäcker's statement.
I believe that by the end of the war th everyone that had opposed the regime had been killed
The Germans were tired of the war and just wanted it to stop. East Germany, quite rightly feared Soviet occupation. What the west Germans did not know , was that the US was going to kill 5 million of them by starvation and related diseases , before the Marshall plan, was brought into effect.
Rubbish.
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