大东亚共荣圈结构

表2.8 大东亚共荣圈结构

地区

政治和安全结构

经济结构

意识形态

同化

第一圈

台湾、韩国

直接进行殖民管理，直接招募加入日本军队。

第二圈

(满洲国、

中国国民党政府)

名义上是独立的，实际上是间接的'和非正式的帝国主义的混合体，在各级都有日本顾问。名义上独立的保安部队，以及日本军队的存在。

经济方面

发展（食品、半成品和制成品）。

经济

发展（资源开采、半制成品和制成品）。

独立性

第三圈

缅甸、

印度尼西亚外岛，菲律宾

军事管理（Gunseikambu）之后是独立。日本控制的军队有少量新兵，而日本赞助的军队、民兵和辅助劳动组织有大量新兵。

资源开采

解放

爪哇、马来亚

军事政府，没有独立。资源开采

新加坡

盟友

泰国、法属印度支那（直到1945年3月被接管）"

一般

与上述征兵的情况相同。

军队政府，不可或缺

日本的制度。

独立的、非正式的帝国主义，其形式是为军事目的而使用的高级日本酌定。

贸易、资源开采

宣称的平等

除盟友外，所有类别的组织都以tonori gumi（邻里协会）为特色，其chu（负责人）负责当地行为。

直到1945年3月9日，由于维希-柏林-东京轴心，法属印度支那也是一个盟国。资料来源：改编自彼得-杜斯《日本的战时帝国：Problems and Issues', in Peter Duus, Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie (eds), The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931-1945 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp.xxvi-xxxii。

Table 2.8 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere structure

Region

Political and security structure

Economic structure

Ideology

Assimilation

First circle

Taiwan, Korea

Direct colonial administration, direct recruitment into Japanese forces.

Second circle

(Manchukuo,

Nationalist Government in China)

Nominally independent, actually a mix of indirect' and informal imperialism, with Japanese advisers at various levels. Nominally independent security forces, as well as Japanese Army presence.

Economic

development (foodstuffs, semi- manufactured and manufactured goods).

Economic

development (resource extraction, semi-manufactured and manufactured goods).

Independence

Third circle

Burma,

Indonesian Outer Islands, Philippines

Military administration (Gunseikambu) followed by independence. Mix of small numbers of recruits to Japanese- controlled armies, and large numbers to armies, militia and auxiliary labour organisations sponsored by the Japanese.

Resource extraction

Liberation

Java, Malaya

Military government, no independence. Resource extraction

Singapore

Ally

Thailand, French Indochina (until the March 1945 takeover)"

General

As above for military recruitment.

Military government, integral to

Japanese system.

Independent, informal imperialism in the form of high Japanese discretion in use for military purposes.

Trade, resource extraction

Declaratory parity

All categories except allies featured organisation down to tonori gumi (neighbourhood associations), whose cho (heads) were responsible for local behaviour.

French Indochina was, until 9 March 1945, also an ally due to the Vichy-Berlin-Tokyo axis. Source: Adapted from Peter Duus, Japan's Wartime Empire: Problems and Issues', in Peter Duus, Ramon H. Myers and Mark R.Peattie (eds), The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931-1945 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp. xxvi-xxxii.