爱德华·卢特维克Edward Nicolae Luttwak
Edward Nicolae Luttwak （生于 1942 年 11 月 4 日）是一位美国作家，以其在大战略、军事战略、地缘经济学、军事史和国际关系方面的著作而闻名。他因撰写了《政变：实用手册》而闻名。他的著作《战略：战争与和平的逻辑》也以中文、俄文和其他十种语言出版，在世界各地的军事学院广泛使用。他的书目前以英语以外的 29 种语言出版。[1]
爱德华·N·卢特维克 | |
|---|---|
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| 出生 | 1942 年 11 月 4 日 罗马尼亚阿拉德 |
| 母校 | 伦敦政治经济学院 约翰霍普金斯大学 |
| 闻名 | 政变：实用手册(1968) 战略：战争与和平的逻辑(1987) 中国崛起与战略逻辑 (2012) |
早期生活编辑
职业编辑
After attending a boarding school in Berkshire, where he joined the British Army cadet corps, Luttwak moved to London at the age of 16 and went to a grammar school (which in England is an academically selective school for students aged from 11 to 18).[citation needed] He then studied analytical economics at the London School of Economics.[2] In 1968, when he was 26 and working in London as a consultant for the oil industry, he published the book Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook, a pastiche of a military manual. The book explains in detail how to overthrow the government of a state, looking in particular at coups d'état on the African continent and in the Middle East. The spy fiction author John le Carré praised the book and compared Luttwak to Machiavelli. Luttwak graduated from the London School of Economics in 1969.[1]
Luttwak was a war volunteer in Israel in 1967 and later worked for the Israel Defense Forces. In 1972 he moved to the United States for graduate studies at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). He graduated with a PhD in International Relations in 1975. The title of his dissertation was Force and Diplomacy in Roman Strategies of Imperial Security.[3][4] Earlier, during a two-month visit to Washington, D.C. in 1969, Luttwak and Richard Perle, his former roommate in London, joined a thinktank, the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defence Policy, assembled by Dean Acheson and Paul Nitze to lobby Congress for anti-ballistic missile systems.[1][5]
In late 1974 and into 1975 a series of articles was published by neoconservative intellectuals discussing whether the US military should seize the oilfields in Saudi Arabia. In March 1975, Harper's Magazine published an article that Luttwak had written under the pseudonym "Miles Ignotus" with the title "Seizing Arab Oil". Luttwak had previously published the gist of his argument on how to break Arab power under the title "Obsolescent Elites", using his real name, in The Times Literary Supplement. He suggested that U.S. Marines, assisted by the 82nd Airborne Division, should storm the eastern beaches of Saudi Arabia. The article and the author attracted considerable attention, but there is no evidence that the Ford administration ever considered such an intervention. James Akins, then U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, publicly denounced the "invasion scenario" as a product of "sick minds". In 2004 Luttwak told the Wall Street Journal that he had written the article "after discussion with several like-minded consultants and officials in the Pentagon".[6]
In 1976 Luttwak published The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century AD to the Third, which generated controversy among professional historians who saw Luttwak as an outsider and a non-specialist in the field. However, the book is recognized as seminal because it raised basic questions about the Roman Army and its defense of the Roman frontier. Later he started researching the Byzantine empire, beginning with its earliest surviving texts.[1] According to Harry Sidebottom, the majority of scholars were hostile to Luttwak's enthusiasm for fighting wars on client state territory and the book made uncomfortable reading in some circles in western Europe because in the 1980s Luttwak became a security consultant to U.S. President Ronald Reagan.[7]
In 1987 Luttwak published Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace.[1] According to Luttwak's publisher, Harvard University Press, the book has been widely acclaimed.[8] Luttwak became known for his innovative ideas. He suggested, for example, that attempts by major powers to quell regional wars actually make conflicts more protracted.[9]
Luttwak went on to provide consulting services to multinational corporations and government agencies, including various branches of the U.S. government and the U.S. military.[10]
Luttwak has served on the editorial boards of Géopolitique (France), the Journal of Strategic Studies, The European Journal of International Affairs, and the Washington Quarterly. He speaks English, French, Hebrew, Italian,and Spanish, in addition to his native Romanian.[11] In 1997, with three partners, he purchased 19,000 hectares of land in the Bolivian Amazon, where he set up a cattle ranch.[1]
Luttwak was a lecturer in economics at the University of Bath from 1964 to 1966.[12] In 2004 Luttwak was awarded an honorary doctorate degree (LLD) from the University of Bath. He has also received honorary degrees from a university in Arad, Romania and another from Timisoara's University as well as the University of Bucharest.[13] His book The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire was published in late 2009.[1]
Leon Wieseltier, who got to know Luttwak during the Reagan years, wrote: "Edward was this figure out of a Werner Herzog film. He was not some person who had read a bit of Tacitus and now worked at the Pentagon. He knew all the languages, the geographies, the cultures, the histories. He is the most bizarre humanist I have ever met."[1]
预测编辑
Before the first Persian Gulf War Luttwak incorrectly predicted that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein would evacuate Kuwait "after a week or two of bombing [the bombing continued for six weeks without inducing him to do so] and warned that the use of ground forces without heavy preliminary bombing 'could make Desert Storm a bloody, grinding combat with thousands of (US) casualties.'" Writing a month into the bombing, Luttwak still opposed a ground campaign. He forecast that it would lead inevitably to a military occupation of Iraq from which the United States would be unable to disengage without disastrous foreign policy consequences.[14]
In the 1999 book Turbo-Capitalism: Winners and Losers in the Global Economy Luttwak predicted that dynamic economic growth would increase ugly social phenomena such as crime rates and job insecurity, as anticipated in his London Review of Books article "Why Fascism is the Wave of the Future".[15]
In 2009 Richard Posner analyzed intellectuals with a public profile in the U.S. Posner claimed that Luttwak sees many affinities between the United States and the declining Roman empire, leading Luttwak to predict a dark age in which the U.S. population will experience decline into third world status. According to Posner, Luttwak retained his economic pessimism when the economy of the United States stood at the turn of the century.[16]
In 2015, Luttwak predicted that the Middle East will be embroiled in internecine war for the next thousand years, thanks to the "brilliant stroke" of strategic genius, far exceeding even Bismarck's abilities, exemplified by George W. Bush when he ignited a religious war between Sunnis and Shiites.[17]
Luttwak predicted in a 2016 op-ed in The Wall Street Journal that the Trump administration would pursue a foreign policy "unlikely to deviate from standard conservative norms", withdrawing troops from Afghanistan and Iraq, avoiding involvement in Syria and Libya, eschewing trade wars, and modestly reducing spending — in short, "changes at the margin".[18] In reality, Trump ordered dropping the "mother of all bombs" but left the troop withdrawal from Afghanistan for his successor to shoulder; kindled trade wars with the EU by imposing punitive tariffs, and rather than reducing military spending, Trump bloated the budget to unprecedented deficit levels.[19]
关于大战略编辑
Luttwak has long insisted on the necessity of a grand strategy, but he moved beyond preoccupation with military intervention,[20] and started to theorize diplomacy and military alliances. His Grand Strategy of the Soviet Union (1983) was the first English-language text that recognized the different nationalities that were re-emerging in the USSR and were ignored by both "Kremlinologists" and U.S. intelligence. Luttwak concluded that the Soviet Union relied entirely on military instruments for its grand strategy.[21]
Luttwak argued that Carl von Clausewitz's warning against aggressive wars was no longer relevant in the post-World War II era. He reasoned that when confronted with weapons of mass destruction, statecraft needed a grand strategy, that is, "the firm subordination of tactical priorities, material ideals, and warlike instincts to political goals". For Luttwak, grand strategy was no longer a military doctrine, but a political issue, and diplomacy was needed to achieve the security of the state.[22]
Writing in 2007 for the National Review, former George W. Bush's speechwriter David Frum said of Luttwak: "His book on the grand strategy of the Roman Empire was terrific, and his Coup d'État is that astounding thing: a great work of political science that is also a hilarious satire.[23]
个人生活编辑
Luttwak describes himself as a "fanatical snorkeler" and exercises every day.[24] He lives with his wife in Maryland.[24] He has a son.[25]
作品编辑
Several of his books as listed below have also been published in foreign languages: Arabic, Chinese simplified, Chinese traditional, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Bahasa Indonesia, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (and Brazilian Portuguese), Romanian, Russian, Spanish (in Spain, Argentina and Venezuela), Swedish, and Turkish. Hungarian and Thai translations are forthcoming.
BooksEdit
- Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook (London, Allen Lane, 1968; Revised Edition: Cambridge, MA, 1979; London, 1979; Sydney, 1979) ISBN 978-0713900675
- A Dictionary of Modern War (London, Allen Lane, 1971; revised edition in 1991 with Stuart L. Koehl; new edition in 1998) ISBN 978-0713901306
- The Strategic Balance, 1972 (New York, Library Press, 1972) ISBN 978-0912050331
- The Political Uses of Sea Power (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974) ISBN 978-0801816598
- The US–USSR Nuclear Weapons Balance (Beverly Hills, Sage Publications, 1974) ISBN 978-0803900967
- The Israeli Army: 1948-1973 (with Daniel Horowitz) (New York, HarperCollins and London, Allen Lane, 1975) ISBN 978-0713902297
- The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century AD to the Third (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976) ISBN 978-0801818639
- Strategic Power: Military Capabilities and Political Utility (California, 1976) ISBN 0-8039-0659-5
- Sea Power in the Mediterranean: Political Utility and Military Constraints (California, 1979) ISBN 0-8191-6010-5
- Strategy and Politics: Collected Essays (New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, 1980), ISBN 978-0878553464
- 苏联的大战略（纽约，圣马丁出版社，1983 年）书号 978-0312342609
- 五角大楼和孙子兵法：军事改革问题（纽约，西蒙和舒斯特出版社，1985 年）书号 978-0671524326
- Strategy and History: Collected Essays，第二卷（New Brunswick，Transaction Publishers，1985 年）书号 978-0887380655
- 关于胜利的意义：战略论文集（纽约，西蒙和舒斯特出版社，1986 年），书号 978-0671610890
- 战略：战争与和平的逻辑（马萨诸塞州剑桥，1987 年）书号 978-0674839953
- 濒临灭绝的美国梦：如何阻止美国成为第三世界国家以及如何赢得工业霸权的地缘经济斗争（纽约，西蒙和舒斯特出版社，1993 年）书号 978-0067186930
- 涡轮资本主义：全球经济中的赢家和输家（伦敦，Weidenfeld 和 Nicolson，1998 年），书号 978-0297818847
- 战略：战争与和平的逻辑，修订和扩大版（马萨诸塞州剑桥，2002 年）书号 978-0-674-00703-1
- 偏僻之地：为什么中东不重要（伦敦，大西洋图书出版社，2008 年）书号 978-1843548188
- 拜占庭帝国的大战略（马萨诸塞州剑桥市，2009 年）书号 978-0-674-03519-5
- 虚拟美国帝国：战争、信仰和权力（新不伦瑞克和伦敦，Transaction Publishers，2009 年）书号 978-1412810401
- 中国的崛起与战略逻辑（马萨诸塞州剑桥，2012 年）书号 978-0-674-06642-7
仅限日语：
- “中国 4.0”（东京，2016 年）书号 978-4166610631
- “日本 4.0”（东京，2018 年）书号 978-4166611829
- 只有蒙古文（西里尔文）的“日本 4.0”（乌兰巴托，2019 年）书号 978-9919-9504-0-8
- ルトウックの日本改造论/エドプード・ルテウック／着奥山真司／译...[振兴日本：一项国家战略]（东京：明日新社，2019）ISBN 978-4-86410-728-0 [与 Okuyama Masashi 博士合着]。
仅限意大利语：
- Che cos'è davvero la democrazia（什么是真正的民主）与 Susanna Creperio Verratti（米兰，Arnoldo Mondadori，1995 年）书号 978-8804408697
- Il fantasma della povertà: una nuova politica per difendere il benessere dei cittadini（贫困的幽灵：捍卫公民福祉的新政策）与Carlo Pelanda和Giulio Tremonti（米兰，Arnoldo Mondadori，1995 年）书号 978-8804400660
- Dove va l'Italia？Intervista a Edward Luttwak (Where is Italy going? Interview with Edward Luttwak) with Gianni Perrelli (Newton Compton, 1997)书号 978-8881837267
- Il libro delle libertà。Il cittadino e lo stato: regole, diritti e doveri in una democrazia（自由之书。公民和国家：民主中的规则、权利和义务）与 Susanna Creperio Verratti（Arnoldo Mondadori，2000）书号 978-8804408703
- 我是新雇佣兵。Vincere nel XXI secolo（新领导者。在 21 世纪获胜）与Arduino Paniccia（帕多瓦，马西利奥，2000 年）书号 978-8831775106
作为贡献者：
- 越南：帕特里克·J·赫登 ( Patrick J. Hearden)主编的《美国的四种观点》和《越南对美国战略思维的影响》（普渡大学出版社，1990 年）[26] 书号 978-1557530028
- 关于人类价值观的 Tanner 讲座，1991 年由 Grethe B. Peterson 编辑，战略：新时代？[27]（犹他大学，1991）书号 978-0874803501
- 供养火星：从中世纪到现在的西方战争中的物流，由约翰·A·林恩 (John A. Lynn)与物流和战争的贵族理念(Boulder, Westview Press, 1994)
- 自愿简单：响应消费者文化，由 Daniel Doherty 和Amitai Etzioni编辑，为爱消费（Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003）书号 978-0742520660
前言，前言：
- 战争参数：劳埃德·J·马修斯 (Lloyd J. Matthews) 和戴尔·布朗 (Dale E. Brown) 编辑的《美国陆军战争学院学报》中的军事历史（华盛顿，佩加蒙-布拉西出版社，1987 年）书号 978-0080355474
- 约翰·安德烈亚斯·奥尔森 (John Andreas Olsen) 撰写的《沙漠风暴中的战略空中力量》（伦敦，Routledge，2003 年）书号 978-0714651934
- 自由贸易行不通，伊恩·弗莱彻 (美国商业与工业委员会，2010 年；2011 年修订版)书号 978-0578079677
- La Repubblica dei mandarini。Viaggio nell'Italia della burocrazia, delle tasse e delle leggi inutili（普通话共和国。在意大利旅行的官僚主义、税收和不必要的法律）作者：Paolo Bracalini（Padua，Marsilio，2014 年）书号 978-8831716758
精选书评编辑
Luttwak 曾为《美国旁观者》、 《评论杂志》、《伦敦书评》、《新共和国》和《纽约时报》等出版物撰写书评。
- “省略无聊的部分”。纽约时报。1986 年 3 月 23 日。
- “您可能错过的书籍：马铃薯的历史和社会影响，作者是 Redcliffe Salaman”。美国旁观者。1989 年 3 月。
- “莫斯科 1941，罗德里克·布雷思韦特”。评论杂志。2007 年 1 月。
- “最好和最快”。新共和国。2009 年 8 月 30 日。
- “该死的好东西”。伦敦书评。2014 年 12 月 18 日。第 15-16 页。
精选文章编辑
- “为什么法西斯主义是未来的浪潮”。伦敦书评。1994 年 4 月。
- “给战争一个机会”。外交事务。1999 年 7 月。
- “伊拉克：脱离接触的逻辑” (PDF)。外交事务。2005 年 1 月。
- “无中生有”。前景。2007 年 5 月。
- “为什么中国不会成为下一个全球大国……但它可以”。Infinity Journal，2011 年秋季
参考编辑
- ^跳转至：a b c d e f g h 我 托马斯·米尼（2015 年 9 月 9 日）。“马里兰的马基雅维利”。卫报。2015 年12 月 10 日检索。
- ^ 约翰霍普金斯大学（1975 年）。“约翰霍普金斯大学 1975 年毕业典礼”。约翰霍普金斯大学。
- ^ Rozen, Laura（2008 年 6 月 5 日）。《操盘手：军事家的双重生活》。前锋。2019 年2 月 28 日检索。
- ^ 约翰霍普金斯大学（1975 年）。“约翰霍普金斯大学 1975 年毕业典礼”。约翰霍普金斯大学。
- ^ 曼恩，詹姆斯。瓦肯人的崛起：布什战时内阁的历史。纽约州纽约市：Penguin Books，2004 年，第 31-32 页。书号 9780143034896
- ^ Yaqub, Salim (2016)。不完美的陌生人：1970 年代的美国人、阿拉伯人和美国与中东的关系。康奈尔大学出版社。第 192–193、392 页。ISBN 9781501706882.
- ^ Sidebottom，哈里 (2004)。古代战争：一个非常简短的介绍。OUP 牛津大学。p. 72.书号 9780191577970.
- ^ “战略——爱德华·N·卢特维克”。哈佛大学出版社。2018 年10 月 23 日检索。
- ^ Luttwak, Edward（1999 年 7 月至 8 月）。“给战争一个机会”。外交事务。78 (4): 36–44。内政部：10.2307/20049362。JSTOR 20049362。S2CID 150572796。
- ^ Professional Profile: Edward Luttwak 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2012-12-24. Idcitalia.com。2012 年 3 月 11 日访问。
- ^ “爱德华·N·卢特维克”。igs.berkeley.edu。政府研究所 - 加州大学伯克利分校。2013 年 8 月 26 日。2018 年10 月 23 日检索。
- ^ 爱德华·卢特维克（1973 年 11 月至 12 月）。“海军力量的政治应用：概要”。海军战争学院评论。26 (3): 38–40。JSTOR 44641436。
- ^ “我们荣誉毕业生的姓名以及授予他们的学位”。www.bath.ac.uk。_ 2019 年10 月 29 日检索。
- ^ 波斯纳，理查德 A. (2009)。公共知识分子。哈佛大学出版社。p. 143.书号 9780674042278.
- ^ 波斯纳，理查德 A. (2009)。公共知识分子。哈佛大学出版社。p. 142.书号 9780674042278.
- ^ 波斯纳，理查德 A. (2009)。公共知识分子。哈佛大学出版社。p. 294.书号 9780674042278.
- ^ Thomas Meaney， “马里兰的马基雅维利”， 卫报，2015 年 12 月 9 日
- ^ Luttwak, Edward N.（2016 年 3 月 9 日）。“患有特朗普恐惧症？克服它”。华尔街日报。2023 年4 月 11 日检索。
- ^ “特朗普的财政遗产：支出、税收和赤字的综合概览”。2022 年 5 月 11 日。
- ^ 卢卡斯·米列夫斯基 (2016)。近代大战略思想的演变。牛津大学出版社。p. 111.书号 9780198779773.
- ^ 卢卡斯·米列夫斯基 (2016)。近代大战略思想的演变。牛津大学出版社。p. 115.书号 9780198779773.
- ^ 卢卡斯·米列夫斯基 (2016)。近代大战略思想的演变。牛津大学出版社。p. 116.书号 9780198779773.
- ^ 大卫·弗鲁姆（2007 年 5 月 3 日）。“Luttwak 的 Cakewalk”。国家评论。原始存档于 2013 年 9 月 21 日。2020 年11 月 27 日检索。
- ^跳转至：一个 b “采访爱德华·勒特维克”。采访马克斯·拉斯金。原始存档于 2021 年 9 月 10 日。2021 年9 月 10 日检索。
- ^ 爱德华·卢特维克 (2001)。战略：战争与和平的逻辑（修订版和英文版）。马萨诸塞州剑桥市：哈佛大学出版社贝尔纳普出版社。书号 978-0-674-00703-1.
- ^ 麦戈文，乔治；威斯特摩兰，威廉；卢特瓦克，爱德华；麦考密克，托马斯；Hearden, Patrick（1990 年 11 月 15 日）。“越南，美国的四个视角：讲座”。普渡大学出版社书籍：112。
- ^ “讲座图书馆 - 坦纳关于人类价值的讲座 - 犹他大学”。tannerlectures.utah.edu 。2019 年2 月 25 日检索。
延伸阅读编辑
- “顽强的战略家：对爱德华·卢特维克的采访”，作者：Richard Yarrow 和 Max Kuhelj Bugaric，哈佛国际评论，2019 年秋季。
- Andrew Cockburn撰写的“国防知识分子：Edward N. Luttwak” ，格兰街1987 年春季的个人资料。
外部链接编辑
- 1981 年 10 月 10 日院长彼得·克罗外交事务数字档案馆关于利比亚的采访。
- 1983 年 12 月 15 日，院长彼得·克罗外交事务数字档案馆对苏联的采访。
- 罗宾，科里。“有前科的人：右翼思想家向左转！” .，最初发表于Lingua Franca（杂志），包含数页关于 Luttwak 的生活和思想的分析，2001 年 1 月 23 日。
- 访谈与哈里·克莱斯勒的历史对话：
- 战略在国际政治中的作用，1987 年 3 月 9 日。
- 《战略逻辑与美国外交政策》，2007 年 11 月 4 日。
- 拜占庭帝国的大战略，2009 年 12 月 7 日。
- 中国的崛起与战略逻辑，2013 年 1 月 2 日。
- 出现在C-SPAN上
- Luttwak为伦敦书评撰写的文章。
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