制图学的技术变革史
制图学的技术变革史
编辑
更多信息：制图学 § 技术变革
1714年，一位地图绘制者从他的海图上抬头专注地看着卡尺的画像。
在制图方面，技术不断变化，以满足新一代地图制作者和地图使用者的需求。第一批地图是用毛笔和羊皮纸手工绘制的，因此质量参差不齐，发行量也很有限。指南针、印刷机、望远镜、六分仪、四分仪和游标的出现，使人们能够绘制出更加精确的地图，并有能力制作出精确的复制品。加州大学伯克利分校的史蒂文-韦伯教授提出了一个假设，即 "民族国家 "的概念是15世纪地图制作技术进步的一个不经意的副产品[94][95] 。
光化学技术的进步，如平版印刷和光化学工艺，使人们能够制作出细节精细、形状不变形、抗潮湿和抗磨损的地图。这也消除了对雕刻的需求，进一步缩短了制作和复制地图的时间。
在20世纪中后期，电子技术的进步导致了地图学的进一步革命。具体而言，计算机硬件设备，如计算机屏幕、绘图仪、打印机、扫描仪（远程和文件）和分析型立体绘图仪以及可视化、图像处理、空间分析和数据库软件，使地图的制作民主化，并大大扩展了地图的制作范围，特别是它们能够制作出显示略有不同特征的地图，而无需雕刻新的印版。另见数字光栅图形和网络地图的历史。
空中摄影和卫星图像为绘制大面积的物理特征，如海岸线、道路、建筑物和地形，提供了高精度、高通量的方法。
History of cartography's technological changesEdit
In cartography, technology has continually changed in order to meet the demands of new generations of mapmakers and map users. The first maps were manually constructed with brushes and parchment and therefore varied in quality and were limited in distribution. The advent of the compass, printing press, telescope, sextant, quadrant and vernier allowed for the creation of far more accurate maps and the ability to make accurate reproductions. Professor Steven Weber of the University of California, Berkeley, has advanced the hypothesis that the concept of the "nation state" is an inadvertent byproduct of 15th-century advances in map-making technologies.[94][95]
Advances in photochemical technology, such as the lithographic and photochemical processes, have allowed for the creation of maps that have fine details, do not distort in shape and resist moisture and wear. This also eliminated the need for engraving which further shortened the time it takes to make and reproduce maps.
In the mid-to-late 20th century, advances in electronic technology have led to further revolution in cartography. Specifically computer hardware devices such as computer screens, plotters, printers, scanners (remote and document) and analytic stereo plotters along with visualization, image processing, spatial analysis and database software, have democratized and greatly expanded the making of maps, particularly with their ability to produce maps that show slightly different features, without engraving a new printing plate. See also digital raster graphic and History of web mapping.
Aerial photography and satellite imagery have provided high-accuracy, high-throughput methods for mapping physical features over large areas, such as coastlines, roads, buildings, and topography.
留言
張貼留言