第一次万岁冲锋实际上是在阿拉斯加

在历史上
2016 年 7 月 6 日
德文福利
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可以肯定地说，许多美国人不知道日本人在二战期间实际上入侵了阿拉斯加的阿留申群岛。虽然这可能令人惊讶，但真正令人震惊的是战斗的结束方式。

对于美国人来说，阿留申群岛被视为日本入侵北美的潜在桥头堡。日本人以类似的方式看待阿留申群岛：美国入侵日本的起点。这种想法反映了比利·米切尔准将在 1935 年对国会说的话：“我相信，在未来，谁拥有阿拉斯加，谁就拥有了世界。我认为这是世界上最重要的战略要地。”

虽然日本入侵美国的想法今天对我们来说似乎有些牵强，但我们需要记住，当时日本在战争期间已经征服了亚洲的大片地区，占领了中国的大部分地区，甚至除了控制东南亚和众多太平洋岛屿。1942 年 6 月，日本人试图利用对阿拉斯加的入侵作为他们攻击中途岛的诱饵，这就是中途岛战役。值得庆幸的是，美国没有上钩。

在中途岛海战中，美军果断击败了日本舰队，击沉了四艘航空母舰，保住了具有战略意义的中途岛。但是，当美国在那里取得成功时，日本人入侵了阿拉斯加阿留申群岛的两个岛屿，阿图岛和基斯卡岛。

直到 1943 年 5 月，美国和加拿大才在阿图岛袭击日本人，直到同年 8 月下旬，这两个岛屿才被宣布为安全岛屿。正是在阿图岛，在最后一场重大战役中，美国人经历了战争的第一次万岁冲锋，让他们对日本的一种可怕做法有了初步了解，随着美军在整个太平洋和亚洲击败日本人，这种做法将变得普遍。

TimeLife 的War in the Outposts为我们提供了一个生动而可怕的描述：

到 5 月 28 日夜幕降临时，大部分美军已准备好对奇查戈夫港进行最后的攻击。兰德鲁姆将军决定在第二天早上以全面进攻结束阿图战役。

5 月 28 日晚上的某个时候，山崎上校做出了自己的决定。入侵来临时，在手头的 2,300 人中，他还有大约 1,000 人仍然能够携带武器。他决定反击。他的计划很绝望。他的手下会冲出奇恰戈夫港区，边走边杀，最终目的是通过克莱维西山口到达附近山上的美军炮兵阵地。他会捕获集结的榴弹炮，将它们转向大屠杀谷的美国人，并将他们拒之门外，直到来自帕拉穆希尔岛的帮助。
伤势严重到无法行走的人有两个选择：用手枪自杀，或者为少数不能自杀的人注射吗啡致死剂。行走的伤员被告知要武装自己并一起走。此时武器和弹药已经供不应求。有些人只有绑在棍子上的刺刀。
凌晨 3 点，山崎率领他的乌合之众进入山谷。他们袭击了山谷中第 32 团的 B 连和第 17 团 L连的一部分。起初，攻击是无声的；美国人在睡袋中被刺刀刺死。但随后开始疯狂射击，手榴弹在四周爆炸。B连迷茫的幸存者仓皇逃窜，有的赤脚在冰冷的淤泥中奔跑。
日本人占领了一个帐篷救助站，屠杀了医护人员和躺床上的伤员。但随后山崎的部下陷入了一种集体歇斯底里的情绪。他们开始尖叫，毫无意义地冲来冲去，分成小群。一些经历过恐怖之夜的美国大兵认为他们喝醉了。一些日本人只是坐在他们刚刚杀死的美国人中间，狼吞虎咽地吃着美国人的口粮。

日本人的主力勉强聚集在一起，进入了克莱维西隘口。他们在那里袭击了师的工程师。工程师们被下面的枪声惊醒，组织了一道防线。厨师和推土机司机拿起任何方便的武器并进行了艰苦的战斗。他们在山口拦住了日本人。
现在山崎部下的奇怪行为变得更加不合理——至少对美国人来说是这样。日本人放弃了屠杀美国人的企图，转而自杀。大多数情况下，他们用手榴弹来做到这一点，将它们对准前额、胸部或腹部。数以百计的人结束了自己的生命，同时尖叫着。黎明时分，山谷里到处都是没有头、没有手、被挖出来的尸体。
集体自杀让美国人震惊得麻木。“我很高兴他们死了，真的很高兴，”师牧师在尸体中行走时说道。'这让我很担心。当我对人死了感到高兴时，我怎么能回到我的教堂呢？但现在我很高兴他们死了。

直到战争结束，美国人都会经历类似的万岁袭击。但它们再也不会发生在美国的土地上了。

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The First Banzai Charge was Actually in Alaska

It’s probably safe to say that many Americans don’t know that the Japanese actually invaded the Aleutian Islands of Alaska during World War II. And while that may be a surprise to learn, it’s how the battle ended that is really shocking.

For the Americans, the Aleutians were seen as a potential bridgehead for the Japanese to use in an invasion of North America. The Japanese saw the Aleutians in a similar way: A jumping off point for an American invasion of Japan. Such thinking reflected what Brigadier General Billy Mitchell told Congress in 1935: “I believe that in the future, whoever holds Alaska will hold the world. I think it is the most important strategic place in the world.”

While the idea of Japan invading America may seem farfetched to us today, we need to remember that at the time Japan had already conquered enormous swaths of Asia during the War, taking much of China and even penetrating briefly into India in addition to its control of South-East Asia and numerous Pacific islands. In June of 1942 the Japanese attempted to use an invasion of Alaska as a decoy to their attack on the island of Midway, which became the Battle of Midway. Thankfully, the U.S. didn’t take the bait.

During the Battle of Midway the U.S. decisively defeated the Japanese fleet, sinking four aircraft carriers, and kept control of the strategic Midway Island. But while the U.S. succeed there, the Japanese invaded two islands of the Aleutian Island chain in Alaska, Attu and Kiska.

It wasn’t until May of 1943 that the United States and Canada attacked the Japanese at Attu and it wasn’t until late-August of the same year that both islands were declared secure. It was on Attu, in the last major battle, that Americans experienced the first banzai charge of the war, giving them a horrifying introduction to a Japanese practice that would become commonly experienced as American forces defeated the Japanese throughout the Pacific and Asia.

War in the Outposts by TimeLife gives us a vivid and grisly account:

By nightfall on May 28 the bulk of the American forces were poised for the final assault on Chichagof Harbor. General Landrum decided to finish off the battle of Attu with an all-out attack the next morning.

Sometime during the night of May 28, Colonel Yamazaki reached a decision of his own. Out of 2,300 men on hand when the invasion came, he had about 1,000 still able to bear arms. He decided to counterattack. His plan was desperate. His men would break out of the Chichagof Harbor area, killing as they went, with the ultimate aim of getting through Clevesy Pass to the U.S. artillery position on a nearby hill. He would capture the massed howitzers, turn them on the Americans in Massacre Valley and hold them at bay until help came from Paramushir Island.
The men wounded too seriously to walk were given a choice: pistols with which to kill themselves or, for the few who could not do the deed, a lethal injection of morphine. The walking wounded were told to arm themselves and come along. By now weapons and ammunition were in short supply; some men had only bayonets lashed to sticks.
At 3 a.m. Yamazaki led his ragtag force up the valley. They fell upon Company B of the 32nd Regiment in the valley and part of Company L of the 17th on a rise. At first, the attack was silent; Americans were bayoneted in their sleeping bags. But then wild firing began and grenades exploded all around. The confused survivors of Company B fled in disorder, some running barefooted through the icy muck.
The Japanese overran a tented aid station, slaughtering the medics and the wounded in their cots. But then a sort of mass hysteria seized Yamazaki’s men. They began screaming and charging pointlessly hither and yon, breaking off in small groups. Some GIs who lived through the night of horror thought they were drunk. A few of the Japanese simply sat down among the Americans they had just killed and gorged themselves on American rations.

The main body of Japanese held together after a fashion and got into Clevesy Pass. There they fell upon the division engineers. Alerted by the gunfire below, the engineers had organized a defense line. Cooks and bulldozer drivers grabbed any handy weapon and fought hard. They stopped the Japanese in the pass.
Now the strange behavior of Yamazaki’s men turned even more irrational – to the Americans at least. The Japanese gave up trying to slaughter Americans and turned to killing themselves. Mostly they did it with grenades, holding them against forehead, breast, or belly. Hundreds finished themselves, screaming as they did so. In the dawn the valley was full of headless, handless, scooped-out corpses.
The mass suicide left the Americans numb with shock. ‘I am glad they’re dead, really glad of it,’ said the division chaplain as he walked among the corpses. ‘That worries me. How can I go back to my church when I’ve got it in me to be glad men are dead? But now I’m glad they’re dead.’

Similar banzai attacks would be experienced by Americans until the war ended. But never again would they happen on American soil.

Devin Foley

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