军事掩体面对他们的滑铁卢

军事掩体面对他们的滑铁卢

 在冷战后的世界里,瑞士的军事掩体被认为是多余的Keystone

瑞士国防部长 Ueli Maurer 表示,瑞士的秘密军事掩体应该关闭,因为它们不再符合该国今天面临的威胁。

此内容发布于 2010 年 10 月 22 日5分钟
瑞士资讯swissinfo.ch

但并非所有人都认为花费 10 亿法郎关闭现代防御系统是合理的。

“军事威胁的性质已经改变,”毛雷尔周四在 10vor10 电视新闻节目中说。“掩体在错误的地方,武器只能再使用 10 到 20 年。维护您将来不需要的东西是不值得的。再加上我们不再有钱了。”

瑞士的掩体系统遍布边境和内陆的关键位置。一项耗资 10 亿法郎的 100 个带迫击炮的高科技掩体的秘密建造计划仅在 2003 年才完成。

毛雷尔承认,虽然保持掩体开放的成本很高,但关闭它们的成本会更高。

“我们谈论的是数亿法郎——这个数额很可能会超过十亿大关,”他说。

“但 [保持开放] 只会拖延问题的解决,”他说,并呼吁就此问题进行“诚实的辩论”。

出于环境原因,门不能只是锁上然后就被遗忘——掩体必须重建。

Maurer 说私人组织完全有可能参与进来。事实上,一些掩体已经成为银行或其他金融机构的高安全性数据存储中心,或者作为金库甚至酒店(见相关报道)。

“高军事价值”

但对于中右翼基督教民主党议员兼国防工业游说团体联席主席布鲁诺弗里克来说,这是错误的做法。

“完全摆脱它们当然是不对的——它们具有很高的军事价值,”他说。

“军队越小,我们就越依赖可以产生重大军事影响的高价值掩体系统。”

弗里克呼吁政府重新考虑该提议,但据 10vor10 报道,已经重建了四个掩体。

本月早些时候,内阁表示希望缩减瑞士武装部队的规模,并将年度预算限制在 44 亿瑞郎(45 亿美元)。

10 月 1 日,毛雷尔表示,内阁已授权他通过改变军事训练、降低技术标准、出售财产和裁减军队人员等方式寻求节省 11 亿瑞郎的方法。

改变世界

瑞士军方发言人表示,这是一个适应不断变化的世界的问题。

“瑞士军队已经大幅裁减——1995 年几乎减半,从 750,000 人减少到 400,000 人,然后在 2004 年再次减少到 120,000 人。政府刚刚决定在本十年的下半年将人数减少到 80,000 人,”Martin布勒告诉瑞士资讯swissinfo.ch。

“整个军队的基础设施必须为此进行调整——也就是说,缩小规模。考虑到军事威胁的性质,地堡不再像以前那样具有同样的意义。在第一阶段,它们退役但仍在维护;现在他们要重建。”

Bühler 承认这会很昂贵,“但从长远来看显然可以节省开支。”

无裁员

Maurer 承认,关闭掩体“将是 Réduit 概念的终结”,瑞士的战略是建立一个戒备森严、“无法攻克”的地区,在面对入侵时提供最后的抵抗点。

历史学家兼伯尔尼军事档案馆馆长 Jürg Stüssi-Lauterburg 强烈反对瑞士地堡心态近乎偏执狂的观点。

“如果生存需要偏执狂,那就这样吧。在自由和独立的欧洲大陆上发生过的最大规模的战争中,我们度过了最大的威胁,尤其是因为我们准备保卫我们的国家、我们的自由和我们的民主制度,”他告诉瑞士资讯swissinfo.ch。

“我发现谈论偏执倾向是非常冒犯和侮辱人的。”

Stüssi-Lauterburg 为瑞士的 Réduit 战略辩护。

“每一次军事准备总是取决于威胁的现状。从历史上看,这些防御工事主要是为了对抗所谓的三国同盟——德国、意大利和奥匈帝国从 1880 年代开始对抗法国——其次是在 1933 年后对抗希特勒,第三是在 1945 年后对抗苏联,”他说。

“我发现这完全是正确的处理方式,我相信大多数瑞士人也认为这是明智的。”

简单来说

在第二次世界大战之前和期间,瑞士的主要目标是保持独立并远离战争。

面对入侵的威胁,瑞士加大了对新兵的训练,并修建了防御工事。后备队被召集起来守卫与德国的边界。

人们被告知要储备食物,并得到有关如何准备空袭的指示。每一块可用的土地都被挖出来种植庄稼,以确保粮食供应。

1940 年夏天,德国军事人员开始制定入侵瑞士的计划,称为坦嫩鲍姆行动。

纳粹的目标是摧毁瑞士军队并入侵瑞士中部,这在战略和经济方面都很重要。该计划从未实施。

插入结束

瑞士掩体

第一个重要的掩体于 1886 年在瑞士建成,当时圣哥达铁路开通后不久。

1937 年,日益增长的战争威胁导致需要更多的防御工事。Henri Guisan 将军监督了瑞士阿尔卑斯山中央防御工事的建设,即所谓的 Réduit。

到 1945 年战争结束时,按今天的价格计算,瑞士政府已在地堡上花费了大约 80 亿瑞郎。

由于各种军队改革,自 1995 年以来,大部分据点和掩体都已撤离,而且它们的秘密也已解除。但还有一些仍然活跃。

插入结束
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符合 JTI 标准

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煤气2017-05-07 08:12
它很好地洞察了瑞士物理学家的务实方面,并注意到一个整体,并且如果战争的准备工作可以做得很好的话,它会达到一个很好的标准
匿名的2010-10-26 02:15
@Ra, Switzerland: Since you seem to be such an expert in military defense strategy and with your great knowledge about the organized violent conflicts (wars) in the past and your vision of an inconceivable aggression against Switzerland in the future, please explain to us 'morons' why building them (the bunkers and reduit) in the first place was a mistake. Yeah, judging from your comments, you yourself do not worry about any military aggression against Switzerland if it ever happened since you would be the first one tailing out of Switzerland and Europe to find the flowers in some far away corner of the world instead of standing up like a real man and Swiss, defending your country and home, if you even are Swiss. I just hope you never will be exposed to any war threats since I believe you most likely could not handle the occasion. Shame on you trying to make the Swiss 'World War 2' military leaders and veterans look like idiots. If you even could be of Swiss heritage, your ancestors would be spinning in their graves.
ANONYMOUS2010-10-25 16:23
@ Ra. get reall buddy...For all those who do not know Switzerland, this country was made with courage and faith for freedom and those who don't apreciate the sacrifes that the forefathers of this country did can well start doing their prayers because I will not let anyone spitt over the grave of all those brave women, men and children who fought for their liberty of freedom from the oprecssions of the opressor (the roman catholic emapire). Switzerland will allways be free from terany and I live up to that oath and I'm sure there is many more who have the same inertia running in their blood
ANONYMOUS2010-10-25 15:22
As a foreigner from an EU country and now living in Switzerland, I feel a great relief here from the oppressive EU. For sure, over the decades Switzerland has been pressured and bullied, and I would go as far to say infiltrated by by the powers who want to weaken it and grab it. The Swiss must not only be careful of that, but they should watch out as over the next 5-10 years the EU disintegrates and political strife worsens. The Swiss MUST secure their borders, this is not paranoia, this is forward planning and insurance. If in 50 years time that insurance was never needed, then it is still an essential cost because the whole point of insurance is that it MAY be needed. Be good with your neighbours, but never trust them entirely, certanly not with your lives. These soft-headed politicians need to be voted out and replaced by more realistic ones who can continue to preserve the uniqueness of Switzerland and not appease and capitulate to the corrupt EU aggressors and the scheming Bilderbergers who think we should all be one global nation. No way. Only they profit, no one else does.
ANONYMOUS2010-10-24 07:32
Good riddance, we don't need these relics (and building them in the first place was a mistake). There's no way in which these would last against the European army (we don't have too worry about individual members fighting us at this point, really) or an army that defeated the European armies. Our most effective deterrence of war is to support democracy and to fight the war on poverty. Our most effective defense our legitimacy as nation, the rule of law and democracy in Europe. And apart from that, there are still so many weapons and things that can be turned into weapons in this country, we don't even need to worry much about the classic (but proven costly and ineffective) "if you hurt us you will hurt, too" defense.
ANONYMOUS2010-10-24 06:20
Well said Thomas Snelling..
ANONYMOUS2010-10-23 20:53
@.Thomas Snelling, United States: Dear Thomas Snelling, Thank you for your fundamental insight and realistic expose into Switzerland's past, the former free, proud and independent country, willing to secure and defend its freedom and independence at all cost. You have spoken from and for my heart. Regrettably since your time, a horde of 'Gessler's' have now apparently entered Swiss politics and the Bundeshaus, seemingly representing only their own and there advisors' interests and the aim, objectives and plans of the 'Swiss elite' and evidently even some foreign powers (EU) if not some obscure organisations such as the discreet, calculating Bilderberg Group. How much longer can or will the 'sellout' of Switzerland continue and the 'flower children' generation dream of a future and eternal World Peace a world without any further threats, either military or economic, by any foreign power or nation? I have to assume that World history has no meaning to many of the dreamers. The Swiss Confederation has now been continuously undermined since I believe the 1970's by internal as well as foreign interest groups that have attacked Switzerland from all angles primarily with unsubstantiated accusations and claims in most cases with financial and economic threats against Switzerland and Swiss companies with the extremely weak Swiss government officials ultimately kneeling down, causing heavy financial losses to the Swiss population and most of all to the reputation of the Swiss citizens in general.
ANONYMOUS2010-10-23 03:00
My formative years were spent in Switzerland in the 1950's often under the tutelage of Herr Dr. Alfred Stettbacher, one of Switzerland's most notable explosives experts and military minds. He often took me to watch the Reds and Blues play out their various scenarios for the defense of Switzerland or watch the F-51's and then the Vampires weaving their way between the mountain peaks or see the fronts of remote valley chalets move aside to reveal their enormous artillery pieces or show me where the roads and bridges and tunnels had been rigged to blow up at a second's notice. Yes, for sure, I grew up secure in the notion that Switzerland was indeed safe and impenetrable, but my sureness came only in part from the fortifications themselves! Switzerland's even more awesome weapon was its people, and even then I understood that it was the military that actually played so pivotal a part in building the Swiss national character and Swiss cohesiveness through universal military training, shared service commitment, common purpose, learning our national history and especially understanding how frail freedom really is, especially for those no longer willing to protect it or realize that the unexpected is just that, you rarely get the future you expect, especially now. In the past, one of the great pillars of Swiss sovereignty was the peoples' recognition of all the potential risks that might befall the country and then consider and maintain realistic contingency plans. As the previous Swiss social/economic/military connection that wove a common thread of trust and expectation through the entire country breaks down, I fear so too will the bonds of nationhood be weakened. Back then, watching a flight of 4 of the first Hawker Hunters ever to be delivered to the SAF fly up the steepest face of the Säntis, I never would have never believed that Switzerland could ever move away from its all for one and one for all citizen army. Throughout history, tyranny has all too infrequently punctuated by freedom. Please, spend more time at Rütli. Listen carefully to its meadows. Since 1291, they have been awash with the voices of patriots who know there is another Gessler out there just waiting for the right time…… Thomas Snelling Anchorage, Alaska
匿名的2010-10-22 19:50
这是该国历史上任何瑞士人说过的最愚蠢的话。这是真的吗?你好,我们需要能够保护自己,当那一天到来时,我们将不得不再次为自己辩护,那一天很快就会到来
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