吉斯，汤姆。掠夺机器。军阀、寡头、公司、走私者和非洲财富的盗窃。

 伯吉斯，汤姆。掠夺机器。军阀、寡头、公司、走私者和非洲财富的盗窃。PublicAffairs, 2015.350 p.

石油、天然气、宝石、金属和稀土矿物的贸易在非洲造成了巨大的破坏。

在巴西、印度、中国和其他 "新兴市场 "改变其经济的这些年里，非洲的资源国仍然被拴在工业供应链的底部。

虽然非洲占世界碳氢化合物和矿物储量的30%，占世界人口的14%，但2011年其在全球制造业中的份额与2000年的情况完全相同：1%。

在他的第一本书《掠夺机器》中，汤姆-伯吉斯揭露了非洲发展奇迹的真相：对于资源国来说，这只是一个海市蜃楼。

石油、铜、钻石、黄金和钶钽铁矿床吸引了一个由商人、银行家、企业采掘者和投资者组成的全球网络，他们与腐败的政治集团联合起来，掠夺这些国家的价值。

依赖资源的经济变化无常，可能会使非洲的新中产阶级重新陷入贫困，就像他们从贫困中爬出来一样快。

他们脚下的土地就像刚果的矿井一样不稳定；他们的繁荣可能会像管道破裂的原油一样溢出来。

这种灾难性的社会解体不仅仅是非洲过去作为殖民主义受害者的一种延续。

现在的掠夺正以前所未有的速度加快。

随着全球对非洲资源需求的增加，少数非洲人正在成为合法的富人，但绝大多数人，就像整个非洲大陆一样，正在被掠夺。

局外人往往认为非洲是慈善事业的巨大流失。但是，更仔细地看一下资源产业，非洲与世界其他地区的关系就显得相当不同。

2010年，非洲的燃料和矿产出口价值3330亿美元，是相反方向的援助价值的7倍多。

但谁收到了这些钱？

每一个死于分娩的法国妇女，仅在尼日尔就有100人死亡，这个前法国殖民地的铀为法国的核反应堆提供燃料。

在安哥拉这样的石油国家，四分之三的政府收入来自石油。

政府的资金不是由人民提供的，因此它不需要对人民负责。

很多经济依赖资源的非洲国家都是地主阶级国家；他们的人民大多是农奴。

资源诅咒不仅仅是一些不幸的经济现象，是一种无形的力量的产物。

在非洲的资源国发生的是系统性的掠夺。与其受害者一样，其受益者也有名字。

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Burgis, Tom. The Looting Machine: Warlords, Oligarchs, Corporations, Smugglers, and the Theft of Africa’s Wealth. PublicAffairs, 2015. 350 p.

The trade in oil, gas, gems, metals and rare earth minerals wreaks havoc in Africa. During the years when Brazil, India, China and the other “emerging markets” have transformed their economies, Africa’s resource states remained tethered to the bottom of the industrial supply chain. While Africa accounts for about 30 per cent of the world’s reserves of hydrocarbons and minerals and 14 per cent of the world’s population, its share of global manufacturing stood in 2011 exactly where it stood in 2000: at 1 percent.

In his first book, The Looting Machine, Tom Burgis exposes the truth about the African development miracle: for the resource states, it's a mirage. The oil, copper, diamonds, gold and coltan deposits attract a global network of traders, bankers, corporate extractors and investors who combine with venal political cabals to loot the states' value. And the vagaries of resource-dependent economies could pitch Africa’s new middle class back into destitution just as quickly as they climbed out of it. The ground beneath their feet is as precarious as a Congolese mine shaft; their prosperity could spill away like crude from a busted pipeline.

This catastrophic social disintegration is not merely a continuation of Africa’s past as a colonial victim. The looting now is accelerating as never before. As global demand for Africa’s resources rises, a handful of Africans are becoming legitimately rich but the vast majority, like the continent as a whole, is being fleeced. Outsiders tend to think of Africa as a great drain of philanthropy. But look more closely at the resource industry and the relationship between Africa and the rest of the world looks rather different. In 2010, fuel and mineral exports from Africa were worth $333 billion, more than seven times the value of the aid that went in the opposite direction. But who received the money? For every Frenchwoman who dies in childbirth, 100 die in Niger alone, the former French colony whose uranium fuels France’s nuclear reactors. In petro-states like Angola three-quarters of government revenue comes from oil. The government is not funded by the people, and as result it is not beholden to them. A score of African countries whose economies depend on resources are rentier states; their people are largely serfs. The resource curse is not merely some unfortunate economic phenomenon, the product of an intangible force. What is happening in Africa’s resource states is systematic looting. Like its victims, its beneficiaries have names.

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