印度尼西亚承认历史上的侵权行为--但推卸责任
印度尼西亚承认历史上的侵权行为--但推卸责任
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作者：Rebecca Tan
Updated January 11, 2023 at 9:10 a.m. EST|Published January 11, 2023 at 4:02 a.m. EST
2022年6月，印度尼西亚总统佐科-维多多在雅加达的一座总统府举行的就职典礼上宣读了新任命的部长和副部长们的誓言。(Willy Kurniawan/Reuters)
印度尼西亚总统佐科-维多多周三对过去六十年来该国令人震惊的侵犯人权行为表示遗憾，其中包括美国支持的反共产主义清洗，在冷战高峰期导致约50万印度尼西亚人被屠杀。他承诺将防止类似的侵权行为再次发生，但没有明确承认政府在暴行中的作用，也没有做出任何追究责任的承诺。
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维多多概述了印度尼西亚历史上12件 "令人遗憾 "的事件，包括20世纪80年代在时任总统苏哈托领导下进行的法外处决以及20世纪90年代对民主活动家的绑架。
"维多多在雅加达总统府外的一个新闻发布会上说："作为印度尼西亚的国家元首，我以清醒的头脑和真诚的心承认，在许多情况下确实发生了严重侵犯人权的行为。"我对受害者和他们的家人表示同情和怜悯。"
印尼体育场惨案发生后，人们对警察的愤怒情绪高涨
维多多即将结束他的第二个也是最后一个任期，他也成为第二位公开承认1965年军方领导的共产主义大清洗错误的印度尼西亚总统。2000年，Abdurrahman "Gus Dur" Wahid总统公开向屠杀的受害者道歉。
从1965年到1966年，数十万印度尼西亚人被军队和准军事团体杀害，理由是他们被指控与印度尼西亚共产党（PKI）有联系，但往往未经核实。大屠杀发生在军队指控印尼共产党参与谋杀六名高级军官之后，这是陷入困境的苏加诺总统的支持者在担心共产党领导的起义的情况下发动的所谓反军事政变的一部分。印尼是当时世界上最大的非执政的共产主义政党之一。
国务院最近解密的文件显示，尽管美国对当时发生的事情了如指掌，但在大屠杀发生时基本上袖手旁观，而且在某些情况下，对实施屠杀的部队给予支持。
1965年，在一次未遂政变后的镇压行动中，印度尼西亚共产党青年团成员被带入雅加达监狱。(AP)
虽然维多多的讲话是迄今为止对印度尼西亚麻烦的人权记录最清晰的承认，但活动人士表示，这仍然只是推动问责制的一小步，而且他们忽略了该国最近对人权的威胁。12月，印度尼西亚议会通过了对其刑法的全面修改，除其他外，禁止婚外性行为。
"我并不是说这不是进步。但他本可以做得比今天多得多。"人权观察的印度尼西亚研究员安德烈亚斯-哈索诺说。在维多多发表讲话的前几天，该倡导组织与维多多政府的成员举行了会议，敦促政府宣布更多具体的承诺。Harsono说，当局提出的结果 "令人失望"。
"他们说他们想要和解，"他补充说。"但基于什么？基于什么真相？"
他指出，许多在1960年代被印尼军队杀害的人的亲属仍然不知道他们的亲人被埋在哪里，而政府也没有做什么来帮助他们。人权团体已经收集了几十个万人坑的证据，尽管最近在2016年，维多多政府说它不知道有任何万人坑存在。
美国宣布缅甸对罗兴亚人犯下种族灭绝罪
大赦国际驻印度尼西亚主任乌斯曼-哈米德说，他认为维多多的讲话是一种 "形式"。总统是在收到他去年成立的一个调查侵犯权利行为的特别工作组的报告后发表的声明。哈米德指出，虽然维多多说政府正在权衡各种方案，以 "恢复 "受害者的权利，但他并没有提供细节。
"他说："现在还不清楚接下来会发生什么。
活动人士呼吁政府按照南非真相与和解委员会的方式举行人权法庭，该委员会将肇事者送上法庭。但哈米德说，迄今为止，政府似乎并不愿意，也许是因为一些被告将来自他们的队伍中。
维多多的国防部长普拉博沃-苏比安托(Prabowo Subianto)多年来一直面临着关于他参与和监督该国一些最严重的侵犯人权行为的指控。8月，他说他计划在2024年竞选总统。
作者：Rebecca Tan
Rebecca Tan是《华盛顿邮报》的东南亚分社社长。她曾是地方台的记者，报道华盛顿特区和马里兰州的政府。她是因报道1月6日美国国会大厦遇袭事件而获得2022年普利策公共服务奖的团队的一员。 推特
Indonesia admits historical rights violations — but shirks accountability
Widodo outlined 12 events in Indonesia’s history that were “regrettable,” including extrajudicial executions carried out under then-President Suharto in the 1980s and the kidnapping of pro-democracy activists in the 1990s.
“With a clear mind and earnest heart, I as Indonesia’s head of state admit that gross human rights violations did happen in many occurrences,” Widodo said at a news conference outside the presidential palace in Jakarta. “I have sympathy and empathy for the victims and their families.”
Widodo, who is nearing the end of his second and final term, also became only the second Indonesian president to publicly admit the wrongs of the military-led 1965 communist purge. In 2000, President Abdurrahman “Gus Dur” Wahid publicly apologized to victims of the slaughter.
From 1965 to 1966, hundreds of thousands of Indonesians were killed by army units and paramilitary groups based on allegations, often unverified, that they were associated with the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). The massacres came after the army accused the PKI of involvement in the murder of six top officers as part of a purported anti-military coup attempt by supporters of embattled President Sukarno, who had socialist sympathies, amid fears of a communist-led uprising. Indonesia had one of the largest nonruling communist parties in the world at the time.
Recently declassified documents from the State Department show that the despite having intimate knowledge of what was happening at the time, the United States largely stood by as the massacres unfolded and, in some instances, lent its support to the forces carrying out the slaughter.
While Widodo’s remarks were the clearest admission yet of Indonesia’s troubled human rights record, activists said they are still only a small step in the push for accountability, and they overlook more recent threats to human rights in the country. In December, Indonesia’s parliament adopted sweeping changes to its criminal code that, among other things, bans sex outside marriage.
“I’m not saying it’s not progress. But he could have done so much more than what he did today,” said Andreas Harsono, an Indonesian researcher for Human Rights Watch. The advocacy group held meetings with members of Widodo’s administration in the days before he made his remarks, urging the government to announce more tangible commitments. What authorities came up with was “disappointing,” Harsono said.
“They say they want reconciliation,” he added. “But based on what? Based on what truth?”
Many of the relatives of those who were killed by the Indonesian army in the 1960s still don’t know where their loved ones are buried, he noted, and the government has done little to assist them. Rights groups have collected evidence of dozens of mass graves, though as recently as 2016, Widodo’s administration said it was not aware that any mass graves existed.
Usman Hamid, director of Amnesty International in Indonesia, said he saw Widodo’s remarks as a “formality.” The president delivered his statement after receiving a report from a task force that he set up last year to investigate rights violations. And while Widodo said the government was weighing options to “rehabilitate” the rights of victims, he did not provide details, Hamid noted
“There’s no clarity for what comes next,” he said.
Activists have called on the government to hold a human rights tribunal in the style of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which put perpetrators on the stand. But the government so far has seemed unwilling, Hamid said, perhaps because some of the accused would come from within their ranks.
Widodo’s defense minister, Prabowo Subianto, has for years faced allegations that he participated and oversaw some of the country’s worst human rights violations. In August, he said he planned to run for president in 2024.
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