左派的毁灭对第三世界产生了巨大影响。
1966年,当美国还在协助消灭印度尼西亚的左派时,恩克鲁玛在美国和英国支持的军事政变中被废黜。
中情局的作用尚不清楚;但可以确定的是,政变策划者曾在英国接受过训练。
恩克鲁玛在几内亚避难,当时由第三世界运动盟友艾哈迈德-塞古-图雷领导。
In 1966, while the US was still assisting in the extermination of Indonesia’s leftists, Nkrumah was deposed in a military coup backed by the United States and Britain.
The role of the CIA is still unclear; it is established, however, that the coup plotters had trained in the United Kingdom.
Nkrumah took refuge in Guinea, then led by Third World movement ally Ahmed Sékou Touré.
到20世纪60年代末,可以说第三世界运动即使没有被摧毁,也是一片混乱。
万隆精神 "已经成为一个幽灵。
后殖民主义运动的进步派领导人已经不在了。
尼赫鲁已于1964年去世;
苏加诺在印度尼西亚苦苦等待,因为他的盟友在流血,他自己也很快就会死去;
加纳的恩克鲁玛和缅甸的吴努已在军事政变中被废黜。
伊拉克的许多左派已经死了,美国支持的萨达姆-侯赛因很快就会把他们干掉;
埃及的纳赛尔在大马士革发生政变后,由于阿拉伯联合共和国的崩溃而被削弱,
而大马士革的领导人又清洗了叙利亚共产党。
By the end of the 1960s, it was safe to say that the Third World movement was in disarray, if not destroyed.
The “Bandung Spirit” had become a ghost.
The leaders of the progressive wing of the postcolonial movement were gone: Nehru had died in 1964; Sukarno was languishing in Indonesia as his allies bled out, waiting to die soon himself; Ghana’s Nkrumah and Burma’s U Nu had been deposed in military coups.
Many of Iraq’s leftists were already dead, and US-backed Saddam Hussein would finish them off soon; Egypt’s Nasser had been weakened by the collapse of the United Arab Republic following a coup in Damascus, whose leaders in turn purged the Syrian Communist Party.
在几内亚生活,恩克鲁玛对新殖民主义的性质有了新的结论。
鉴于世界的现状,并考虑到西方帝国主义的成功,通往革命的唯一途径是长期的游击斗争。
Living in Guinea, Nkrumah came to a new conclusion about the nature of neocolonialism.
Given the state of the world, and considering the success of Western imperialism, the only path to revolution was protracted guerrilla struggle.39
正如Tricontinental研究所所长Vijay Prashad所说:
"左派的毁灭对第三世界产生了巨大影响。
最保守、甚至反动的社会阶层在万隆建立的政治平台上取得了主导地位。
作为军事政权的附属品,
出现的政治力量拒绝了左派和自由主义者的普世反殖民民族主义,
而选择了强调种族主义、宗教和等级制度的残酷的文化民族主义。”40
或者,用德国历史学家克里斯蒂安-格拉赫的话来说,这个机构可能是推动第三世界运动的最佳全球论坛:
到1971年,"像[印度尼西亚外交部长]亚当-马利克这样的凶手甚至可以成为联合国大会主席。” 41
As Vijay Prashad, director of the Tricontinental Institute, put it, “The destruction of the Left had an enormous impact on the Third World.
The most conservative, even reactionary social classes attained dominance over the political platform created in Bandung.
As an adjunct to the military regimes, the political forces that emerged rejected the ecumenical anticolonial nationalism of the Left and the liberals for a cruel cultural nationalism that emphasized racialism, religion, and hierarchy.”40 Or, in the words of German historian Christian Gerlach, speaking about the body that had probably been the best global forum for advancing the Third World movement: by 1971, “a murderer like [Indonesian Foreign Minister] Adam Malik could even become President of the UN General Assembly.”41
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