中央情报局如何使用阿斯旺赢得菲律宾战争
作者： ANRI ICHIMURA 和 ALLEN SEVERINO | 2019 年 10 月 19 日
44K分享
https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/cia-aswang-war-a00304-a2416-20191019-lfrm
图片维基百科/IMDB
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众所周知 ，美利坚合众国中央情报局将竭尽全力击败其敌人——无论是在国内还是在国外。在 20 世纪 50 年代冷战高峰期，他们推翻了 伊朗 的穆罕默德·摩萨台政府，在意大利操纵选举以支持右翼， 在危地马拉 推翻了雅各布·阿本斯，并在古巴支持了富尔亨西奥·巴蒂斯塔.
如果历史证明了什么，那就是该机构并没有超越使用创造性且通常是残酷的（还记得水刑丑闻吗？）策略来实现其目标，其中之一是在 50 年代关闭菲律宾的叛乱分子。
这一切都可以追溯到 第二次世界大战。美国于 1946 年授予菲律宾独立，距二战结束仅 10 个月。但这并不意味着它独自离开了山姆大叔的小布朗兄弟。事实上，曾经有一个时代，美国人仍然活跃于战后菲律宾及其所有政治领域。
如果说苏联是虚假宣传活动的专家，那么中央情报局则擅长秘密行动，将心理战、文化战和政治战合二为一。正是这种类型的行动在菲律宾被用作武器，他们使用的正是神话中的阿斯旺，一种菲律宾民间传说中的吸血鬼般的生物，用来对付人民。
但在我们开始之前，让我们从头开始。
路易斯·塔鲁克 照片由维基百科提供。
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退伍军人变成反叛者
1945 年，随着浓烟从被烧焦的菲律宾废墟中散去，路易斯·塔鲁克 (Luis Taruc) 等人物作为人民的解放者获得了广泛的钦佩。作为农村群众的英雄，塔鲁克是 Hukbalahap ( Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon ) 的游击队领导人，该组织致力于在菲律宾领土上与日本侵略者作战。
在战争期间曾经是美军的盟友，胡克人在战后再次拿起武器，当时他们被当时的总统曼努埃尔罗哈斯驱逐出国会。胡克人反对有争议的贝尔贸易法案，该法案赋予美国对菲律宾工业和经济的巨大控制权。他们的反对激怒了罗哈斯和他的美国盟友，促使他驱逐胡克人，并无意中导致他们反抗菲律宾和美国政府。胡克人曾经是二战的老兵，作为反叛者臭名昭著，并被指责谋杀了前总统曼努埃尔奎松的遗孀奥罗拉奎松。
然而，罗哈斯于 1948 年死于心脏病，接替他的是埃尔皮迪奥·基里诺。但他在打击胡克人方面也无能为力，因为他的政府因腐败和个人丑闻而受损。在国家政治中没有强有力的人物的情况下，中央情报局插手实施了肮脏的把戏。地面上的人不是别人，正是爱德华·兰斯代尔，他恰好也是基里诺的继任者、时任国防部长拉蒙·麦格赛赛最信任的心腹。
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Man At His Best 2022：参议员 Risa Hontiveros 是 Esquire 的年度特立独行者
爱德华·兰斯代尔 照片由维基百科提供。
武装阿斯旺
远离传统的搜索和摧毁策略，中央情报局想到了一个巧妙的策略——将民间传说，特别是阿斯旺，添加到其宣传武器的小圈子中。这场心理战发生在 1950 年至 1954 年的邦板牙省、新怡诗夏省和打拉省。
考虑到这个时代菲律宾社会的农村性质，对阿斯旺的信仰很强烈，还有其他超自然实体，如engkanto和manananggal。鉴于菲律宾人的迷信本性，有些人会争辩说，相信这些生物一直持续到今天。因此，阿斯旺成为中情局可以利用的完美人选。
计划很简单。一堆尸体，通常是死去的虎克战士，会留在该省繁忙地区的路边。在那些伤痕累累的尸体上，被刺破的洞看起来像是被动物——或阿斯旺——咬过的。可怕的景象让任何看到它的人都相信是菲律宾民间传说中的夜间怪物犯下了这种残暴行为。
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令人惊讶的是，或者说不出所料，这个计划奏效了。报道显示，曾经对胡克事业冷漠或同情的市民无疑感到恐惧。类似的洞洞、动物咬伤和尸体在乡间接二连三地出现。
“对于迷信的人来说，胡克战场是一个闹鬼的地方，到处都是幽灵和怪异的生物，”兰斯代尔说。
兰斯代尔在他的回忆录中讲述了他们如何绑架一个 Huk，在他的脖子上扎两个洞，用脚后跟吊住他的尸体，吸干他的血，然后将尸体倒在其他 Huk 会经过的小路上。当 Huks 发现他们死去的战友时，他们会立即收拾行装并搬到另一座山上。
兰斯代尔和他的团队使用的另一种策略是“上帝之眼”，它会在夜深人静时被画在面向疑似胡克同情者房屋的墙上。兰斯代尔说：“第二天早上，这些恶毒的眼睛神秘地出现，产生了一种非常清醒的效果。”
阿斯旺 照片由维基百科提供。
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心理战得逞
再加上后勤和派系问题，胡克人开始在他们曾经占据的地区失去道义上的支持。随着心理行动被认为是成功的，军队的搜索和摧毁任务继续并加强，直到Luis Taruc 和大多数胡克人在 1954 年放下武器接受赦免。
中央情报局在其非常规的心理阿斯旺行动中取得了成功，这可以被视为其臭名昭著的 MKUltra 项目或中央情报局精神控制计划的先例。
然而，仅仅几年后，一些阻力就在菲律宾生根发芽。 何塞·玛丽亚·西松很快将组建菲律宾共产党及其准军事组织新人民军。但这是另一天的故事。
中央情报局的行动参与了“无神的共产主义”的叙述，或者也许它只是菲律宾文化和民间传说经久不衰的证明。无论这次行动证明了什么，它确实表明，即使在叛乱、战争和政治阴谋中，菲律宾人——过去的和现在的——仍然被阿斯旺吓得屁滚尿流。
参考：
Blum, W. (1995)。扼杀希望：二战以来美国军队和中央情报局的干预。共同勇气出版社。美国缅因州。
Francia, L. (2013)。菲律宾的历史：从 Indios Bravos 到菲律宾人。艾布拉姆斯书籍。纽约，美利坚合众国。
克尔克里特。B. (1977)。Huk 叛乱：对菲律宾农民起义的研究。马尼拉雅典耀大学出版社。菲律宾奎松市。
F. 林奇 (1998)。阿斯旺查询。GCF 书籍。菲律宾马尼拉。
How the CIA Used the Aswang to Win a War in the Philippines
by ANRI ICHIMURA and ALLEN SEVERINO | OCT 19, 2019
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IMAGE WIKIPEDIA/IMDB
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It’s no secret that the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States of America will go to great lengths to defeat its enemies—whether at home or abroad. At the height of the Cold War in the ‘50s, they were responsible for overthrowing the government of Mohammad Mossadegh in Iran, rigging elections in Italy in favor of the right wing, the deposition of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala, and supporting Fulgencio Batista in Cuba.
And if history has proven anything, it’s that the agency is not above using creative and often cruel (remember the waterboarding scandal?) tactics to attain its goals, one of which was to shut down rebels in the Philippines in the ‘50s.
It all goes back to World War II. The U.S. granted the Philippines independence in 1946, just 10 months after the end of World War II. But that didn’t mean ít left the Little Brown Brother of Uncle Sam alone. In fact, there was an era when the Americans were still active in post-war Philippines and all its politics.
If the Soviets were experts in disinformation campaigns, the CIA was adept in covert operations, combining psychological, cultural, and political warfare into one. And it was this type of operation that they used as a weapon in the Philippines, using none other than the mythical aswang, a vampire-like creature of Filipino folklore, against the people.
But before we get to that, let’s start at the beginning.
Luis Taruc PHOTO BY WIKIPEDIA.
ADVERTISEMENT - CONTINUE READING BELOW
War veterans turned rebels
As the smoke cleared from the ruins of a charred Philippines in 1945, figures such as Luis Taruc gained widespread admiration as liberators of the people. A hero to the rural masses, Taruc was a guerilla leader of Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), an organization dedicated to fighting the Japanese invaders on Philippine soil.
Once an ally to U.S. forces during the war, the Huks took up arms once again after the war when they were expelled from Congress by then President Manuel Roxas. The Huk opposed the controversial Bell Trade Act, which gave the U.S. vast control over Philippine industries and economy. Their opposition aggravated Roxas and his American allies, spurring him to outcast the Huks and inadvertently lead them to rebel against the Philippine and American governments. The Huks, once veterans of WWII, gained a notorious reputation as rebels and were blamed for the murder of Aurora Quezon, widow of former President Manuel Quezon.
However, Roxas died of a heart attack in 1948, and was replaced by Elpidio Quirino. But he was also ineffective in fighting the Huks, as his administration was marred by corruption and personal scandals. In the absence of a strong figure in national politics, it was the CIA who stepped in to do the dirty trick. And the man it had on the ground was none other than Edward Lansdale, who also coincidentally served as the most trusted confidant of Quirino’s successor, then chief of defense Ramon Magsaysay.
CONTINUE READING BELOW
Man At His Best 2022: Sen. Risa Hontiveros is Esquire's Maverick of The Year
Edward Lansdale PHOTO BY WIKIPEDIA.
Armed with aswang
Straying away from conventional search and destroy tactics, the CIA thought of an ingenious strategy—to add folklore, specifically the aswang, to its coterie of propaganda weaponry. This psychological warfare took place from 1950 to 1954 in the provinces of Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac.
Considering the rural nature of Philippine society in this epoch, belief in the aswang was strong, along with other supernatural entities such as the engkanto and the manananggal. Given the superstitious nature of Filipinos, some would argue that believing in these creatures continue to this day. Thus, the aswang became the perfect candidate for the CIA to take advantage of.
The plan was simple. A pile of dead bodies, usually deceased Huk fighters, would be left by the side of the road in a busy area in the province. And on those mangled bodies, holes were punctured to resemble animal—or aswang—bites. The terrible sight convinced anyone who came across it that it was the nighttime monsters of Filipino folklore that committed the atrocious act.
ADVERTISEMENT - CONTINUE READING BELOW
And surprisingly, or perhaps unsurprisingly, the plan worked. Reports revealed that the townspeople who were once either indifferent or sympathetic to the Huk cause were undoubtedly terrified. The same pattern of holes, animal bites, and carcasses were seen across the countryside in quick succession.
“To the superstitious, the Huk battleground was a haunted place filled with ghosts and eerie creatures,” said Lansdale.
In his memoir, Lansdale recounted how they would kidnap one Huk, puncture his neck with two holes, hang his body by the heels, drain him of blood, and dump the corpse on a trail that other Huks would pass by. When the Huks discovered their dead comrade, they’d promptly pack up and relocate to a different hill.
Another tactic used by Lansdale and his team was the “eye of God,” which would be painted on a wall facing the house of suspected Huk sympathizers in the dead of night. “The mysterious presence of these malevolent eyes the next morning had a sharply sobering effect,” said Lansdale.
Aswang PHOTO BY WIKIPEDIA.
ADVERTISEMENT - CONTINUE READING BELOW
Psychological warfare succeeds
Together with a combination of logistical and factional problems, the Huks began to lose moral support in the areas they once held. With the psychological operation deemed successful, the search and destroy missions of the Army continued and intensified, until Luis Taruc and the majority of the Huks laid down their arms in 1954 to accept a pardon.
The CIA succeeded in its unconventional, psychological aswang operation, which could be perceived as the precedent to its infamous Project MKUltra or the CIA mind control program.
However, pockets of resistance took root in the Philippines just a few years later. Jose Maria Sison would soon form the Communist Party of the Philippines and its paramilitary wing, the New People’s Army. But that’s a story for another day.
The CIA operation played into the narrative of “Godless Communism” or perhaps it was just proof of enduring Filipino culture and folklore. Whatever the operation proved, it did show that even amid rebellions, wars, and political plots, Filipinos—past and present—are still scared shitless by aswang.
References:
Blum, W. (1995). Killing Hope: U.S. Military and C.I.A. Interventions Since World War II. Common Courage Press. Maine, United States of America.
Francia, L. (2013). A History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos. Abrams Books. New York, United States of America.
Kerkvliet. B. (1977). The Huk Rebellion: A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press. Quezon City Philippines.
Lynch, F. (1998). The Aswang Inquiry. GCF Books. Manila, Philippines.
ADVERTISEMENT - CONTINUE READING BELOW
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I AGREEHow the CIA Used the Aswang to Win a War in the Philippines
by ANRI ICHIMURA and ALLEN SEVERINO | OCT 19, 2019
44K Shares
IMAGE WIKIPEDIA/IMDB
ADVERTISEMENT - CONTINUE READING BELOW
It’s no secret that the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States of America will go to great lengths to defeat its enemies—whether at home or abroad. At the height of the Cold War in the ‘50s, they were responsible for overthrowing the government of Mohammad Mossadegh in Iran, rigging elections in Italy in favor of the right wing, the deposition of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala, and supporting Fulgencio Batista in Cuba.
And if history has proven anything, it’s that the agency is not above using creative and often cruel (remember the waterboarding scandal?) tactics to attain its goals, one of which was to shut down rebels in the Philippines in the ‘50s.
It all goes back to World War II. The U.S. granted the Philippines independence in 1946, just 10 months after the end of World War II. But that didn’t mean ít left the Little Brown Brother of Uncle Sam alone. In fact, there was an era when the Americans were still active in post-war Philippines and all its politics.
If the Soviets were experts in disinformation campaigns, the CIA was adept in covert operations, combining psychological, cultural, and political warfare into one. And it was this type of operation that they used as a weapon in the Philippines, using none other than the mythical aswang, a vampire-like creature of Filipino folklore, against the people.
But before we get to that, let’s start at the beginning.
Luis Taruc PHOTO BY WIKIPEDIA.
ADVERTISEMENT - CONTINUE READING BELOW
War veterans turned rebels
As the smoke cleared from the ruins of a charred Philippines in 1945, figures such as Luis Taruc gained widespread admiration as liberators of the people. A hero to the rural masses, Taruc was a guerilla leader of Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), an organization dedicated to fighting the Japanese invaders on Philippine soil.
Once an ally to U.S. forces during the war, the Huks took up arms once again after the war when they were expelled from Congress by then President Manuel Roxas. The Huk opposed the controversial Bell Trade Act, which gave the U.S. vast control over Philippine industries and economy. Their opposition aggravated Roxas and his American allies, spurring him to outcast the Huks and inadvertently lead them to rebel against the Philippine and American governments. The Huks, once veterans of WWII, gained a notorious reputation as rebels and were blamed for the murder of Aurora Quezon, widow of former President Manuel Quezon.
However, Roxas died of a heart attack in 1948, and was replaced by Elpidio Quirino. But he was also ineffective in fighting the Huks, as his administration was marred by corruption and personal scandals. In the absence of a strong figure in national politics, it was the CIA who stepped in to do the dirty trick. And the man it had on the ground was none other than Edward Lansdale, who also coincidentally served as the most trusted confidant of Quirino’s successor, then chief of defense Ramon Magsaysay.
CONTINUE READING BELOW
Man At His Best 2022: Sen. Risa Hontiveros is Esquire's Maverick of The Year
Edward Lansdale PHOTO BY WIKIPEDIA.
Armed with aswang
Straying away from conventional search and destroy tactics, the CIA thought of an ingenious strategy—to add folklore, specifically the aswang, to its coterie of propaganda weaponry. This psychological warfare took place from 1950 to 1954 in the provinces of Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac.
Considering the rural nature of Philippine society in this epoch, belief in the aswang was strong, along with other supernatural entities such as the engkanto and the manananggal. Given the superstitious nature of Filipinos, some would argue that believing in these creatures continue to this day. Thus, the aswang became the perfect candidate for the CIA to take advantage of.
The plan was simple. A pile of dead bodies, usually deceased Huk fighters, would be left by the side of the road in a busy area in the province. And on those mangled bodies, holes were punctured to resemble animal—or aswang—bites. The terrible sight convinced anyone who came across it that it was the nighttime monsters of Filipino folklore that committed the atrocious act.
ADVERTISEMENT - CONTINUE READING BELOW
And surprisingly, or perhaps unsurprisingly, the plan worked. Reports revealed that the townspeople who were once either indifferent or sympathetic to the Huk cause were undoubtedly terrified. The same pattern of holes, animal bites, and carcasses were seen across the countryside in quick succession.
“To the superstitious, the Huk battleground was a haunted place filled with ghosts and eerie creatures,” said Lansdale.
In his memoir, Lansdale recounted how they would kidnap one Huk, puncture his neck with two holes, hang his body by the heels, drain him of blood, and dump the corpse on a trail that other Huks would pass by. When the Huks discovered their dead comrade, they’d promptly pack up and relocate to a different hill.
Another tactic used by Lansdale and his team was the “eye of God,” which would be painted on a wall facing the house of suspected Huk sympathizers in the dead of night. “The mysterious presence of these malevolent eyes the next morning had a sharply sobering effect,” said Lansdale.
Aswang PHOTO BY WIKIPEDIA.
ADVERTISEMENT - CONTINUE READING BELOW
Psychological warfare succeeds
Together with a combination of logistical and factional problems, the Huks began to lose moral support in the areas they once held. With the psychological operation deemed successful, the search and destroy missions of the Army continued and intensified, until Luis Taruc and the majority of the Huks laid down their arms in 1954 to accept a pardon.
The CIA succeeded in its unconventional, psychological aswang operation, which could be perceived as the precedent to its infamous Project MKUltra or the CIA mind control program.
However, pockets of resistance took root in the Philippines just a few years later. Jose Maria Sison would soon form the Communist Party of the Philippines and its paramilitary wing, the New People’s Army. But that’s a story for another day.
The CIA operation played into the narrative of “Godless Communism” or perhaps it was just proof of enduring Filipino culture and folklore. Whatever the operation proved, it did show that even amid rebellions, wars, and political plots, Filipinos—past and present—are still scared shitless by aswang.
References:
Blum, W. (1995). Killing Hope: U.S. Military and C.I.A. Interventions Since World War II. Common Courage Press. Maine, United States of America.
Francia, L. (2013). A History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos. Abrams Books. New York, United States of America.
Kerkvliet. B. (1977). The Huk Rebellion: A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press. Quezon City Philippines.
Lynch, F. (1998). The Aswang Inquiry. GCF Books. Manila, Philippines.
ADVERTISEMENT - CONTINUE READING BELOW
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什麼導致了膝蓋疼痛──這並不如同大多數人所想
pr.knee-pain-treatment-98727.com/
一張家庭照片破壞了家的平靜。 妻子馬上提出離婚
Kingdom Of Men
當爬樓梯變得困難時，樓梯升降機可能正是您所需要的。
樓梯升降 | 搜索廣告
|
Sponsored
2023年的新床墊: 價格比您想的還便宜
床墊 | 搜索廣告
|
Sponsored
15种会致使你慢性死亡的食物
Story To Hear
胸罩和内裤套装
胸罩和內褲套裝 | 搜索廣告
The Car That Greta Thunberg Owned At 19 Says It All
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令人興奮的北韓偷拍照片
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