日本戰爭道歉的（非常）短歷史
日本戰爭道歉的（非常）短歷史
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安娜·菲菲爾德
美國東部時間 2015 年 8 月 13 日晚上 8:07
日本首相安倍晉三於 8 月 6 日在廣島和平紀念公園舉行的廣島原子彈爆炸 70 週年慶典上獻花圈。（Chris McGrath/Getty Images）
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東京——本週六是日本在二戰結束後投降 70 週年，在此期間，日本皇軍犯下野蠻行徑，導致其領導人因戰爭罪和危害人類罪而受到審判。
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首相安倍晉三將於週五發表聲明以紀念這一周年紀念日，而明仁天皇將在周六發表自己的講話。
遠東國際軍事法庭（通常稱為東京戰爭罪審判）的起訴書指控日本軍方領導人對無助的平民百姓實施“大規模謀殺、強姦、搶劫、搶劫、酷刑和其他野蠻殘忍行為” 。超負荷運轉的國家。”
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他們還被判犯有“謀殺、致殘和虐待戰俘[和]平民被拘留者”的罪行，並強迫他們“在不人道的條件下”勞動。
戰爭中最嚴重的事件涉及 1937 年中國城市南京（當時稱為南京）的謀殺、強姦、搶劫和焚燒。
歷史學家詹姆斯鮑文在太平洋戰爭歷史學會網站上寫道：“在日本佔領的前四個星期，至少有兩萬名中國婦女在南京遭到強姦，許多人在日軍結束後被肢解和殺害。 ” “日本軍隊在軍官的鼓勵下發明了更可怕的方式來屠殺這座城市的中國人。”
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東京戰爭罪審判的法官承認，南京淪陷後的六週內，至少有 20 萬中國平民和戰俘被屠殺。一些歷史學家說，真實的數字達到了 370,000。
還有巴丹死亡行軍，據前空軍首席歷史學家斯坦利·福爾克 (Stanley Falk) 的《巴丹：死亡行軍》(Bataan: The March of Death) 稱，約有 78,000 名生病和飢餓的戰俘——12,000 名美國人和 66,000 名菲律賓人——被迫步行 66 1942 年 4 月在菲律賓幾英里。美國陸軍軍事歷史中心估計，在行軍過程中，有 600 名美國人和 10,000 名菲律賓囚犯被日本衛兵殺害。
然後是“731部隊”的恐怖活動，他們在人們還活著的時候就對他們進行了實驗。
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“Deliberately infected with plague, anthrax, cholera and other pathogens, an estimated 3,000 of enemy soldiers and civilians were used as guinea pigs,” says the 731.org Web site devoted to the unit’s activities. “Some of the more horrific experiments included vivisection without anesthesia and pressure chambers to see how much a human could take before his eyes popped out.”
So when Emperor Hirohito surrendered on Aug. 15, 1945, Japan had plenty to be sorry about. Still, these incidents, accepted as fact outside Japan, have been questioned by some here. Some historians and Japanese nationalists say Japan’s war crimes have been overstated, while others contend that Japan has apologized enough and should be allowed to move on.
Prime ministers over the years have voiced remorse for Japan’s wartime actions, including Nobusuke Kishi, grandfather of current prime minister Abe, who voiced “deep regret” in Burma in 1957 and expressed “our heartfelt sorrow” in Australia. (However, he was a nationalist aiming to restore Japan’s military might.)
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When Japan and South Korea normalized diplomatic relations in 1965, foreign minister Shiina Etsusaburo said Japan was “deeply remorseful" for the “unfortunate times” in the countries’ histories.
A big part of the problem stems from the fact that Japan’s official apologies have been partially undone by remarks — like when then-justice minister Shigeto Nagato said in 1994 that the Nanjing massacre "was fabricated” (he resigned) and more recently Abe's government last year asked a United Nations special rapporteur to revise a 1996 report on wartime “comfort women” (she refused).
“The world criticizes Japan for failing to come to terms with its past,” writes Jennifer Lind of Dartmouth College in her book "Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics."
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“Tokyo’s apologies have been perceived as too little, too late. Even worse, its politicians repeatedly shock survivors and the global community by denying past atrocities; its history textbooks whitewash its wartime crimes," Lind writes. "Japan sees itself as a pacifist, cooperative, and generous global citizens, with a strong antiwar and antinuclear identity. But after sixty years, Japan’s neighbors still see bayoneted babies. Relations between Japan and its former victims remain fraught with distrust.”
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"专门介绍该部队活动的731.org网站说："故意感染了鼠疫、炭疽、霍乱和其他病原体，估计有3000名敌军士兵和平民被用作小白鼠。"一些更可怕的实验包括在没有麻醉的情况下进行活体解剖，以及用压力室来观察一个人在眼睛爆裂之前能承受多大的压力。"
因此，当裕仁天皇于1945年8月15日投降时，日本有很多值得遗憾的地方。然而，这些在日本以外被接受为事实的事件，在这里受到了一些人的质疑。一些历史学家和日本民族主义者说，日本的战争罪行被夸大了，而另一些人则认为，日本已经做了足够的道歉，应该被允许继续前进。
多年来，首相们都对日本的战时行动表示了悔意，包括现任首相安倍晋三的祖父岸信介，他于1957年在缅甸表示了 "深深的遗憾"，并在澳大利亚表达了 "我们由衷的悲伤"。(然而，他是一个民族主义者，旨在恢复日本的军事力量）。
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当日本和韩国在1965年实现外交关系正常化时，外交部长椎名悦三郎说，日本对两国历史上的 "不幸时期 "感到 "深深的懊悔"。
这个问题的很大一部分源于这样一个事实，即日本的官方道歉部分地被一些言论抵消了--比如当时的司法部长长门重人在1994年说南京大屠杀 "是捏造的"（他辞职了），最近安倍政府去年要求联合国特别报告员修改1996年关于战时 "慰安妇 "的报告（她拒绝了）。
"达特茅斯学院的珍妮弗-林德（Jennifer Lind）在她的《抱歉的国家》一书中写道："世界批评日本未能与它的过去达成一致。国际政治中的道歉"。
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"东京的道歉被认为是太少、太晚了。更糟糕的是，它的政治家们一再通过否认过去的暴行来震惊幸存者和全球社会；它的历史教科书粉饰其战时的罪行，"林德写道。"日本认为自己是一个和平主义者、合作者和慷慨的全球公民，有着强烈的反战和反核的身份。但在60年后，日本的邻国仍然看到被刺刀刺伤的婴儿。日本和其前受害者之间的关系仍然充满了不信任"。
Here are the official apologies that Japan has made.
The "Jewel Voice Broadcast"
This wasn't an actual apology – in fact, if there was anything apologetic in the document, it was an apology to the Japanese people for admitting defeat – but it paved the way for future apologies.
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In a radio address that was broadcast at noon on Aug. 15, 1945, just days after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Emperor Hirohito read out a document officially known as the Imperial Rescript on the Termination of the War.
It was the first time the people of Japan had ever heard their emperor’s voice, and his language was classical and difficult for ordinary Japanese to understand.
He never used the word “surrender,” but the emperor said that he accepted the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, the ultimatum from the Allies that gave Japan a choice: surrender, or face "prompt and utter destruction.”
Read the full text here.
1993 – Kono statement
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This statement, by Yohei Kono, the chief cabinet secretary at the time, came after a government study into the use of sex slaves during World War II. Mainstream historians say that about 200,000 women, mainly from Korea and China, were forced to work in military brothels, euphemistically called “comfort stations,” during the war.
In his statement, Kono said that the Japanese military was “directly or indirectly, involved in the establishment and management of the comfort stations and the transfer of comfort women” and that in many cases they were recruited against their own will. “They lived in misery at comfort stations under a coercive atmosphere,” the statement said.
“Undeniably, this was an act, with the involvement of the military authorities of the day, that severely injured the honor and dignity of many women. The Government of Japan would like to take this opportunity once again to extend its sincere apologies and remorse to all those, irrespective of place of origin, who suffered immeasurable pain and incurable physical and psychological wounds as comfort women.”
A number of Japanese scholars – like Ikuhiko Hata, an emeritus professor at Nihon University, who is being promoted by the current government as a reliable expert – say that the numbers are grossly exaggerated and the women were nothing more than prostitutes.
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Abe caused consternation last year when he ordered a review of the Kono statement, after some in his government said they could not guarantee the report’s veracity. The review was conducted – eliciting strong protests from South Korea in particular – but in the end, Abe’s government upheld the 1993 statement.
1995 – Murayama statement
作为慰安妇，她们的身体和心理都受到了无法治愈的伤害"。
一些日本学者--比如日本大学的名誉教授Ikuhiko Hata，他被现任政府作为可靠的专家来宣传--说这些数字被严重夸大了，这些妇女不过是妓女。
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去年，安倍晋三下令对河野声明进行审查，他的政府中的一些人说他们不能保证报告的真实性，这引起了人们的不安。进行了审查--特别是引起了韩国的强烈抗议--但最后，安倍政府维持了1993年的声明。
1995年--村山声明
This landmark statement, made by the Socialist prime minister Tomiichi Murayama on the 50th anniversary of the war’s end, is widely considered the Japanese government’s official apology for its actions in the first half of 20th century.
It is unequivocal:
During a certain period in the not too distant past, Japan, following a mistaken national policy, advanced along the road to war, only to ensnare the Japanese people in a fateful crisis, and, through its colonial rule and aggression, caused tremendous damage and suffering to the people of many countries, particularly to those of Asian nations. In the hope that no such mistake be made in the future, I regard, in a spirit of humility, these irrefutable facts of history, and express here once again my feelings of deep remorse and state my heartfelt apology. Allow me also to express my feelings of profound mourning for all victims, both at home and abroad, of that history.
2005 – Koizumi statement
On the 60th anniversary, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi upheld the Murayama statement, repeating the key words.
In the past, Japan, through its colonial rule and aggression, caused tremendous damage and suffering to the people of many countries, particularly to those of Asian nations. Sincerely facing these facts of history, I once again express my feelings of deep remorse and heartfelt apology, and also express the feelings of mourning for all victims, both at home and abroad, in the war. I am determined not to allow the lessons of that horrible war to erode, and to contribute to the peace and prosperity of the world without ever again waging a war.
2015 – Abe statement
Abe will hold a cabinet meeting at 5pm local time on Friday to seek approval for his statement. That approval needs to be unanimous, but indications are that it will be. He will then hold a press conference at 6pm local time to read out his statement.
What will Abe say? South Korea and China want him to repeat the words “colonial rule and aggression” at a minimum, and apologize again. Recent reports say that Abe will indeed apologize. But don’t expect that to be the end of it. Even if he offers a “heartfelt apology” like Murayama and Koizumi — not just “deep remorse” as he has done previously — Japan's neighbors are unlikely to be satisfied.
In Asia, all eyes will be on Abe on Friday.
Correction: This post has been updated to correct the numbers of Americans and Filipinos killed during the Bataan death march.
社会主义总理村山富市在战争结束50周年之际发表的这一具有里程碑意义的声明，被广泛认为是日本政府对其在20世纪上半叶的行为的正式道歉。
它是毫不含糊的。
在不久以前的某个时期，日本遵循错误的国家政策，沿着战争的道路前进，结果使日本人民陷入致命的危机，并通过其殖民统治和侵略，给许多国家的人民，特别是亚洲国家的人民造成了巨大的损害和痛苦。为了希望今后不再犯这样的错误，我本着谦逊的精神看待这些无可辩驳的历史事实，在此再次表达我深深的悔恨之情并表示衷心的歉意。也请允许我对这段历史的所有受害者，包括国内和国外的受害者表示深切的哀悼。
2005年--小泉声明
在60周年纪念日，小泉纯一郎首相坚持村山声明，重复了其中的关键词。
过去，日本通过其殖民统治和侵略，给许多国家的人民，特别是亚洲国家的人民造成了巨大的损害和痛苦。真诚地面对这些历史事实，我再次表达了深深的悔意和衷心的歉意，也表达了对战争中国内外所有受害者的哀悼之情。我决心不让那场可怕的战争的教训流失，并为世界的和平与繁荣作出贡献，不再发动战争。
2015年--安倍晋三声明
安倍晋三将于当地时间周五下午5点举行内阁会议，以寻求对其声明的批准。这一批准需要获得一致同意，但有迹象表明将获得批准。然后，他将在当地时间下午6点举行新闻发布会，宣读其声明。
安倍将说什么？韩国和中国希望他至少重复 "殖民统治和侵略 "这些词，并再次道歉。最近的报道说，安倍晋三确实会道歉。但不要指望这就是事情的结局。即使他像村山和小泉那样做出 "衷心的道歉"--而不是像他以前那样只是 "深深的悔恨"--日本的邻国也不可能感到满意。
在亚洲，周五所有的目光都将集中在安倍身上。
更正。这篇文章已经更新，以纠正在巴丹死亡行军中死亡的美国人和菲律宾人的人数。
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