統治與抵抗藝術。隱藏的成績單

 統治與抵抗藝術。隱藏的成績單

詹姆斯·C·斯科特

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弱者和強者之間的對抗充滿了欺騙——弱者假裝順從，而強者則巧妙地表明了他們的統治地位。農民、農奴、賤民、奴隸、勞工和囚犯在權力面前不能自由表達自己的想法。相反，這些從屬團體創造了一種秘密話語，代表在統治者背後發表的對權力的批判。與此同時，當權者還就不能公開承認的統治實踐和目標展開私下對話。在這本書中，作者，一位社會科學家，討論了強者和無權者所扮演的公共角色，以及他們在舞台上表現出的嘲弄、報復的語氣——他稱之為他們的公開和隱藏的記錄。使用文獻、歷史中的例子，和世界各地的文化政治，作者審視了這種互動在整個歷史中所採取的許多偽裝，以及它所反映的緊張和矛盾。作者描述了從屬群體的意識形態抵抗——他們的八卦、民間故事、歌曲、笑話和戲劇——他們對匿名和模棱兩可的使用。他還分析了統治精英如何試圖通過遊行、國家儀式以及從屬和道歉儀式等手段來傳達霸權印象。最後，他通過引述從戈爾巴喬夫公開運動開始時對美國奴隸的回憶到俄羅斯公民的回憶，確定了受壓迫群體之間產生的政治力量，這是第一次，隱藏的文字記錄在權力的臉。

Domination and the Arts of Resistance. Hidden transcripts

James C. Scott

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Confrontations between the powerless and the powerful are laden with deception - the powerless feign deference and the powerful subtly assert their mastery. Peasants, serfs, untouchables, slaves, labourers, and prisoners are not free to speak their minds in the presence of power. These subordinate groups instead create a secret discourse that represents a critique of power spoken behind the backs of the dominant. At the same time, the powerful also develop a private dialogue about practices and goals of their rule that cannot be openly avowed. In this book, the author, a social scientist, offers a discussion both of the public roles played by the powerful and powerless and the mocking, vengeful tone they display off stage - what he terms their public and hidden transcripts. Using examples from the literature, history, and politics of cultures around the world, the author examines the many guises this interaction has taken throughout history and the tensions and contradictions it reflects. The author describes the ideological resistance of subordinate groups - their gossip, folktales, songs, jokes, and theater - their use of anonymity and ambiguity. He also analyzes how ruling elites attempt to convey an impression of hegemony through such devices as parades, state ceremony, and rituals of subordination and apology. Finally he identifies - with quotations that range from the recollections of American slaves to those of Russian citizens during the beginnings of Gorbachev's glasnost campaign - the political electricity generated among oppressed groups when, for the first time, the hidden transcript is spoken directly and publicly in the face of power.