哲学家们的战争：牛顿和莱布尼茨之间的争吵

 哲学家们的战争：牛顿和莱布尼茨之间的争吵

Alfred Rupert Hall

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科学史上最著名的争论可能是牛顿和莱布尼茨之间关于微积分发明的争论。这场争论远远超出了单纯的优先权之争，而具有两种不同的自然哲学之间的战争特征。牛顿是第一个设计出微积分方法的人，但莱布尼茨（他独立发现了几乎相同的方法）是第一个在1684年发表的。相互的宽容变成了猜疑，最后，彼此都谴责对方是骗子和剽窃者。这一事件成为丑闻，因为英国数学家在公众面前宣称牛顿的主张，而他们的大陆同事则激烈地捍卫莱布尼茨的优先权。霍尔教授分析了争端产生的情况、导致争端激化的情况、主要参与者的处置以及他们对彼此意见的转变。

Philosophers at War: The Quarrel between Newton and Leibniz

Alfred Rupert Hall

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Probably the most celebrated controversy in all of the history of science was that between Newton and Leibniz over the invention of the calculus. The argument ranged far beyond a mere priority dispute and took on the character of a war between two different philosophies of nature. Newton was the first to devise the methods of the calculus, but Leibniz (who independently discovered virtually identical methods) was the first to publish, in 1684. Mutual toleration passed into suspicion and, at last, denunciation of each by the other as a fraud and a plagiarist. The affair became a scandal, as British mathematicians asserted Newton's claims before the public while their Continental colleagues hotly defended Leibniz's priority. Professor Hall analyzes the situation out of which the dispute arose, the circumstances that caused it to become embittered, the dispositions of the chief actors, and the shifts in their opinions of each other.