Before 1949 the elite of the Republic of China chose to stay in mainland China in much larger numbers than they did in Taiwan.
With the R.O.C. government losing the civil war and the Chinese Communist Party about to gain national power, ROC members were faced with the choice of whether to stay in mainland China.
At the end of 1948, Chiang C.C.C. presided over the "rescue of scholars" program, which evacuated renowned scholars from Ping-Tsin to the south and from the mainland to Taiwan, and Academicians of Academia Sinica were among the targets of rescue, but most of them were not moved.
After 1949, among the 81 first academicians, except for Ben-Dong Sa who had passed away, 59 (21 in the mathematics and science group, 20 in the biology group, and 18 in the humanities group) remained in mainland China or returned from overseas soon afterwards, accounting for 73%.
9 of them went to Taiwan with the R.O.C. government (Zhu Jiahua, Ling Hongxun, Li Xianwen, Wu Jingheng, Fu Sian, Li Ji, Dong Zuobin, Wang Shijie, Wang Zonghui), accounting for 11%.
There were 12 people who went or stayed abroad (Chen Shishih, Wu Dayou, Li Shuhua, Wu Xian, Yuan Yijin, Chen Kechu, Wang Jingxi, Lin Kesheng, Hu Shih, Li Fanggui, Zhao Yuanren, and Xiao Gongquan, of whom Hu Shih, Yuan Yijin, and Wu Dayou later settled in Taiwan and Chen Shishih returned to China in his later years), accounting for 15%.
中華民國政府在內戰中節節失利、中國共產黨即將取得全國政權，中研院院士面臨是否留在中國大陸的抉擇。
1948年底，蔣中正主持實施「搶救學人」計劃，將知名學者從平津地區撤往南方、從大陸撤往台灣，中研院院士被列為搶救對象，但大多數院士不為所動。
1949年後，在81名第一屆院士中，除薩本棟已去世外，留在中國大陸或不久後從海外返回的有59人（數理組21人，生物組20人，人文組18人），佔73%；
隨中華民國政府前往台灣的有9人（朱家驊、淩鴻勛、李先聞、吳敬恆、傅斯年、李濟、董作賓、王世杰、王寵惠），佔11%；
前往或留在國外的有12人（陳省身、吳大猷、李書華、吳憲、袁貽瑾、陳克恢、汪敬熙、林可勝、胡適、李方桂、趙元任、蕭公權，其中胡適、袁貽瑾、吳大猷後來赴台灣定居，陳省身晚年回大陸定居），佔15%。
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