不对称战争的道德层面。反恐、民主价值和军事伦理

 不对称战争的道德层面。反恐、民主价值和军事伦理

Th.A. Van Baarda, D. E. M. Verweij

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在冷战时期--一个 "不对称战争 "一词还不为人所知的时代--对大多数士兵来说，战争法则和道德问题似乎很简单，主要是关注领导、管理和士气。

冷战后的现实揭示了一系列非常不同的挑战，包括一个非常广泛的道德层面，特别是当部队，最初在联合国的领导下，后来在北约的旗帜下，被部署在动荡的巴尔干半岛的不同地区。

现在，军事观察员在法律顾问的帮助下，以专业的眼光观察着巴尔干地区、东帝汶以及中部和西部非洲的事件，有些人还参与其中。

随后，士兵们和世界上大多数人一样，对9/11事件和非对称战争的生动例子感到惊讶。

9/11之后在阿富汗的最初反应，使脆弱或崩溃的国家的概念，以及军队、国际组织、非政府组织、非国家行为者和本地行政人员及其军警组织的角色模糊不清，以及随之而来的道德困境，引起了更广泛的注意。

最近的冲突确实表明，在所有类型的冲突中，指挥官和士兵都需要对复杂的道德和法律环境有更好的理解，并就反叛乱和和平支持行动中的 "赢得人心 "原则展开了新的辩论。

技术在军事行动领域也产生了好坏参半的好处，并带来了更多的困境，

其中许多是道德上的困境：

遥控车辆，其中一些载有导弹、非致命武器、监视和搜索设备以及网络能力，都对它们在战场上的使用提出了问题。

定义人权和'基本自由'的趋势为今天的士兵提出了进一步的问题。

这本由众多执业专家和学者撰写的论文集涉及到所有这些问题。

它将圣托马斯-阿奎那（Saint Thomas Aquinas）近八个世纪前在基督教会中编纂的战时法的中世纪传统，与二十一世纪全球范围内许多不同信仰的人之间的冲突和各种危机的伦理和法律相关的现代挑战和道德困境联系起来。

对于所有研究或实际参与冲突和冲突后局势的人来说，这是一本重要的文集：在二十一世纪，很少有人会在进入行动区或 "战斗区 "之前等待很长时间，然后面对复杂和困难的局势，而本书中具有挑战性的讨论揭示了这一点。

The Moral Dimension of Asymmetrical Warfare: Counter-terrorism, Democratic Values and Military Ethics

Th. A. Van Baarda, D. E. M. Verweij

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During the Cold War - an era in which the term 'asymmetric warfare' was not well known - the issue of the laws and ethics of war seemed simple enough to most soldiers, being concerned mainly with leadership, management, and morale. Post-Cold War reality revealed a very different set of challenges, including a significantly wider moral dimension, particularly when forces, initially under UN leadership and later under the NATO flag, were deployed in different parts of the turbulent Balkans. Military observers, by now with legal advisers close by, watched events in the Balkans, East Timor and then in central and West Africa with professional interest, and some were involved there. Soldiers were subsequently caught as much by surprise by the events of 9/11, and a graphic example of asymmetric warfare, as most of the rest of the world.The initial, post 9/11 response in Afghanistan brought the notion of the fragile or collapsed state, and the blurring of the roles of military forces, international organisations, non-government organisations, non-state actors, and indigenous administrators and their uniformed organisations, and with them the moral dilemmas, to much wider notice. More recent conflicts have indeed shown the need for commanders and soldiers in all types of conflict to have a much better understanding of the complex moral and legal environments, and opened new debates about the principle of 'winning hearts and minds' in counter-insurgency and peace support operations. Technology has also produced mixed benefits in the field of military operations, and posed additional dilemmas, many of them moral: remotely piloted vehicles, some of them carrying missiles, non-lethal weapons, surveillance and search equipment, as well as networked capability, and all pose questions about their use on the battlefield.The trend towards defining human rights and 'fundamental freedoms' poses further questions for the soldier today. This collection of essays, written by a wide variety of practising experts and scholars, touches on all these issues. It links the medieval traditions of jus in bello, codified by Saint Thomas Aquinas in the Christian Church nearly eight centuries ago, to examination of modern challenges and moral dilemmas relating to the ethics and laws of conflict and crises of all types in the twenty-first century, and in a global context among people of many different faiths and beliefs, and none. It is an important collection for all those researching or practically involved in conflict and post-conflict situations: few people entering an operational area or 'battlespace' in the twenty-first century will have to wait for long before being confronted with the complex and difficult situations on which the challenging discussions in this book shed light.