納粹、鐵幕、戈培爾：最早使用鐵幕形容蘇聯

 背景。信号》是一份用二十几种语言出版的纳粹宣传双月刊。我翻译了这篇1943年5月的有趣文章，因为它是纳粹第一次突出使用 "铁幕 "一词。戈培尔在1945年2月一篇题为 "2000年 "的文章中使用了同样的术语，他常常被不适当地认为是这个术语的始作俑者。在这篇文章中，重点是大规模饥饿已经发生，并将在苏联发生，但世界不会知道细节。

资料来源。"Hinter dem eisernen Vorhang, "Signal, 1. May 1943, p. 2.

铁幕背后

有一个黑暗的秘密，那些应该知道的人，即伦敦和华盛顿的主要政治家们，只是间接地提到。这就是苏联未被占领部分的情况。

听过苏联战俘审讯的人都知道，一旦大坝被打破，他就会开始滔滔不绝地讲述他在神秘的铁幕后面所经历的一切，铁幕比以往任何时候都更能将世界与苏联隔开。我们永远不会忘记萨马拉附近的伏尔加河船夫，他眼含泪水地告诉我们，他的妻子肯定会饿死，因为她病得太厉害，无法工作，因此得不到配给食品。我们也不会忘记那位身材高大、金发凌乱的西伯利亚农民，他报告说，在远离乌拉尔东部的某条河岸边，有一万或更多的工人和农民被赶去用裸露的土地建造某种工业厂房，睡在空地上。

在铁幕背后，只有一个神在挥舞着鞭子。他的名字是饥饿。这就是英国和美国人计算中的弱点。他们担心，苏联腹地的饥饿也会影响到苏军的战斗力，这个时候肯定会到来。泰晤士报》的莫斯科记者报道说，在莫斯科的中央市场，一个鸡蛋要75卢布，四分之一升牛奶要近百卢布，一公斤土豆远远超过100卢布。可以认为，苏联男性工人的平均收入为400至500卢布，女性为250卢布。每日邮报》的莫斯科记者在1943年1月12日报道，在莫斯科，一磅蜂蜜的价格相当于10英磅。"从难看的尸体上撕下的肉屑可以卖到4英磅。"一个鸡蛋要12先令，一杯牛奶要21先令。时代》杂志干巴巴地评论道。"如果没有食物可买，配给卡是没有用的"。苏联人承认，在列宁格勒有150万人挨饿。每日邮报》记者写道："很大一部分人的口粮还不到维持国家健康所需的最低限度。"这个冬天的情况无疑会恶化，许多人认为，那些不在战争工业中工作的俄国人面临着一个黑暗的春天"。时代》杂志报道说，在过去的这个冬天里，从来没有煤可供使用。人们不得不依靠在森林中收集的木材。人们已经很长时间没有医疗服务了。据《时代》杂志在莫斯科的报道，所有医生都被征召到苏联军队中服役。"在过去的几年里，一百个人中不超过一个能够买到任何种类的衣服。俄罗斯人在大衣上铺上报纸，以抵御寒冷，晚上用报纸代替床单，因为找不到床单"。

这些都是我们从对苏维埃政权友好的消息来源获得的事实。它们的意义从《时代》杂志被迫作出的结论中可以看出。"在过去的二十年里，俄罗斯人民两次经历了严重的饥荒（20世纪20年代和30年代初）。在1932/1933年的冬天，数百万俄罗斯人饿死了。这是苏联政府的政策造成的，他们出口食品以购买军备工业的机器，现在他们生产苏联军队的战争物资"。自然，这家美国杂志的结论是，第三次严重的饥荒已经在苏联亚洲造成了数百万人的死亡，不会使苏联的群众数量大大减少。然而，人们感觉到，这些数字的背后有着深深的担忧。这种担忧是如此之深，以至于《纽约》杂志甚至没有注意到这在多大程度上证实了欧洲人的说法，即苏联人早在1932/1933年就愿意牺牲数百万人，以建立他们的军事机器，而这只能有进攻性的目的。

十月革命后，最小的估计是3500万左右的人盯着。1931-1933年的最低估计是700-800万。然而，在那时，苏联至少有一个部分运作的国内系统。第二次饥荒发生在和平时期。我们没有办法估计有多少人可能会在即将到来的冬天挨饿。如果把《时代》杂志给出的150万这个数字作为苏联官方对1931/42年冬季仅在列宁格勒的统计数字，就可以得到一个概念。苏联人在这里实行统治。在他们的领土上，数以百万计的人被埋葬，人们对他们一无所知--无论他是朋友还是敌人。每个人都可以自己弄清楚这对苏维埃军事领导层意味着什么。

Background: Signal was a bi-monthly Nazi propaganda periodical published in two dozen languages. I’m translating this interesting article from May 1943, since it is the first prominent Nazi use of the term “Iron Curtain.” Goebbels used the same term in a February 1945 article titled “The Year 2000” and he is often improperly credited with originating it. In this article, the point is that mass starvation has occurred, and will occur, in the Soviet Union, but the world will not know the details.

The source: “Hinter dem eisernen Vorhang,” Signal, 1. May 1943, p. 2.

Behind the Iron Curtain

There is a dark secret that those who should know, namely the leading politicians in London and Washington, mention only indirectly: That is the conditions in the unoccupied part of the Soviet Union.

He who has listened in on the interrogation of a Soviet prisoner of war knows that once the dam is broken, a flood of words begins as he tries to make clear what he experienced behind the mysterious iron curtain, which more than ever separates the world from the Soviet Union. We will never forget the Volga boatman from around Samara, who told us with tears in his eyes that his wife would certainly starve because she was too sick to work and thus received no food rations. Nor will we ever forget the tall Siberian farmer with his disheveled blond hair who reported that somewhere along the banks of a river far to the east of the Urals, ten thousand or more workers and farmers were driven to build some sort of industrial plant from bare earth, sleeping in open fields.

Behind the iron curtain only one god wields the whip. His name is hunger. This is the weakness in English and American calculations. They fear that the time will surely come when starvation in the hinterlands of the Soviet Union will also affect the fighting power of the Soviet army. Times’s Moscow correspondent reported that at the central market in Moscow, an egg costs 75 rubles, a quarter liter of milk nearly a hundred rubles, a kilo of potatoes far more than 100 rubles. It may be assumed that the average male Soviet worker earns 400 to 500 rubles, the average woman 250 rubles. The Moscow correspondent of the Daily Mail reported on 12 January 1943 that a pound of honey in Moscow costs the equivalent of 10 English pounds.“Scraps of meat torn from bad-looking carcasses are sold for four pounds.” An egg costs 12 shillings, a cup of milk 21 shillings. Time comments dryly: “Ration cards are no help if there is no food to buy.” The Soviets admit that 1,500,000 people starved in Leningrad. The Daily Mail correspondent writes: “The rations for a large part of the population is less than the bare minimum necessary to maintain the nation’s health.” The situation will doubtless worsen this winter, and many believe that those Russians who do not work in war industries face a dark spring.” Time reports that there was never coal for heading during this past winter. One had to depend on wood that one gathered in the forests. The population has had no medical care for a long time. All doctors, as Time reports from Moscow, have been called to serve in the Soviet army. “No more than one person in a hundred was able to buy any kind of clothing during the last years. The Russians line their coats with newspaper to protect against the cold, and use newspapers at night in place of sheets, which cannot be found.”

These are all facts that we take from sources friendly to the Soviet regime. Their significance is clear from the conclusion that Time was forced to make: “Twice in the last twenty years (beginning of the 1920s and 1930s) the Russian people experienced severe famines. Millions of Russians starved in the winter of 1932/1933. This was the result of the policies of the Soviet government, which exported foodstuffs in order to buy machinery for the armaments industry, and which now produce the Soviet army’s war material.” Naturally, this American magazine concludes that the third severe famine, which has already killed millions of people in Soviet Asia, will not greatly diminish the masses of the Soviet Union. One senses, however, there is deep concern behind these figures. That concern is so deep that the New York magazine did not even note how much this confirms the European claim that the Soviets were willing as early as 1932/1933 to sacrifice millions of people in order to build their military machine, which could only have an offensive purpose.

The smallest estimates of the number of people who staved after the October Revolution is about 35 million. The lowest estimates for the years 1931-1933 are 7-8 million. Back then, however, the Soviet Union had at least a partially functioning domestic system. The second famine occurred during peace time. We have no way to estimate how many millions of people may stave in the coming winter. If one takes the figure of 1.5 million that Time gives as the official Soviet statistic for the winter 1931/42 in Leningrad alone, one can get an idea. Here the Soviets rule. On their territory millions are buried, of whom one knows nothing — be he friend or foe. Each can figure out for himself what this means for the Soviet military leadership.