中国的经济。每个人都需要知道的东西，第二版

 中国的经济。每个人都需要知道的东西，第二版

阿瑟-R-克罗伯

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"本书旨在解释中国经济如何走到今天，未来几年可能走向何方，以及中国的崛起对世界其他国家意味着什么。

本书旨在为普通读者提供帮助，他们对中国及其全球影响有兴趣，但不一定有中国或经济学的专业背景。

自2016年第一版出版以来，由于习近平主席更加自信的外交政策，以及特朗普政府领导下的美国将中国作为地缘政治对手的举动，中国与世界的关联性急剧增加。

由于其庞大的规模，与美国日益紧张的关系，以及中国与它日益寻求影响的国际体系之间的基本价值观的差距，了解现代中国的起源和轨迹比以往任何时候都更加重要。

经济是一个复杂的有机体，不容易通过叙述来描述，就像人们讲述一个人的生活故事一样。

它更像一个拼图--准确地说，是一个三维拼图，其中碎片的形状不断变化。

经济不是像分子、摩天大楼或数学方程式那样的固定结构，而是一套相当稳固的机构和相当流动的安排，由人们创造，使他们能够获得他们想要的商品和服务。

这些机构和安排的性质在很大程度上是由一个社会中的重要群体之间的政治交易决定的。

随着这些群体的组成、相对权力和利益随着时间的推移而变化，经济安排也随之变化。

换句话说，对政治实用性的考虑通常胜过对经济效率的考虑。

对于经济政策制定者来说，这意味着他们必须用二选一或三选一的方式来实现他们的理想方案。

对于分析家来说，这意味着描述一个经济体更像是一门历史艺术，而不是一门自然科学。

如果说它是一门科学，那么它更像是生理学而不是物理学"。

China's Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know, 2nd edition

Arthur R. Kroeber

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"This book is an effort to explain how China's economy got to where it is today, where it might be headed in the coming years, and what China's rise means for the rest of the world. It is intended to be useful to the general reader, who has an intelligent interest in China and its global impact but not necessarily a specialized background in either China or economics. Since the first edition was published in 2016 China's relevance to the world has increased dramatically, thanks to the more assertive foreign policy of president Xi Jinping and the move by the United States under the Trump Administration to treat China as a geopolitical rival. Because of its sheer size, the growing tensions with the United States, and the gulf in basic values between China and the international system it increasingly seeks to influence, understanding modern China's origins and trajectory is more important than ever. An economy is a complicated organism, which does not easily lend itself to description by narrative, as one might tell the story of a person's life. It is more like a jigsaw puzzle-to be precise, a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle, in which the shapes of the pieces keep changing. Rather than a fixed structure like a molecule, a skyscraper, or a mathematical equation, an economy is a set of fairly solid institutions and fairly fluid arrangements created by people to enable them to get the goods and services that they want. The nature of these institutions and arrangements is largely determined by the political bargains made among the important groups in a society. As the composition, relative power, and interests of these groups change over time, so do the economic arrangements. In other words, considerations of political practicality usually trump those of economic efficiency. For economic policymakers, this means that they must make do with second- or third-best versions of their ideal recipes. For analysts, it means that describing an economy is more of a historical art than a natural science. To the extent it is a science, it is more physiology than physics"--