格林纳达軍事政變*美國雷根入侵格林纳达

 早期生活和政治生涯

哈德森-奥斯汀是格林纳达新宝石运动的成员。他是该党军事部门的早期成员，与其他11名格林纳达人一起在圭亚那和特立尼达和多巴哥接受军事训练，有时被称为 "十二使徒"。奥斯汀在这个群体中是独一无二的，因为他还在苏联接受过训练。 [1] 他参加了1979年的革命，建立了以莫里斯-比绍普为首的人民革命政府。革命后，奥斯汀负责格林纳达的军事力量。

1983年政变

1983年10月，政府内部的派系政治问题激化，最明显的是毕晓普被指赞成和解，与奥斯汀希望与苏联结盟的愿望相冲突。 [2] 这些冲突导致副总理伯纳德-科尔德将莫里斯-毕晓普软禁并控制了政府。奥斯汀支持这一行动。奥斯汀和毕晓普之间的冲突在1979年政变初期就已形成，奥斯汀希望尽可能多地消灭反对派成员，这与毕晓普希望进行不流血政变的愿望相冲突。在一次示威过程中，毕晓普从软禁中获释。毕晓普最终被军队士兵处决。[4] 在整个冲突期间，尤里-安德罗波夫继续向格林纳达提供武器，在整个磨难过程中没有对毕晓普进行任何援助。有人认为，奥斯汀和科尔德在赶走毕晓普的过程中至少得到了苏联的被动支持[5] 。

作为革命军事委员会的主席

毕晓普被处决后，奥斯汀解散了现有的政府，成立了一个由他本人担任主席的军事委员会，该委员会将统治 "直到恢复正常"。他在广播中宣布，他声称毕晓普带领一群暴徒占领了武装部队总部鲁珀特堡，意图消灭新军领导层和军队。结果，奥斯汀说，"革命武装部队被迫冲进堡垒，在此过程中，下列人员被杀。莫里斯-比绍普、尤尼森-惠特曼、基思-海林、文森特-诺埃尔、杰奎琳-克里夫特、诺里斯-贝恩和菲茨罗伊-贝恩等人"。然后，他宣布了为期四天的全面宵禁，警告人们："任何人都不能离开他们的房子。任何违反宵禁的人都将被当场击毙。"[6] 。

入侵格林纳达

军政府持续了六天，直到1983年10月25日美国入侵格林纳达。奥斯汀被捕，同时被捕的还有政府和军队中所有被指控参与决定杀害毕晓普或在执行命令的军队指挥系统中的人。1986年，他与科尔德和其他政变领导人一起被判处死刑，但他们的刑期后来在1991年被减为终身监禁。

1991年后

在2007年提出的减刑请求中，当他寻求从监狱中释放时，他没有试图否认他对1983年发生的事情的责任。他在答辩中说，他 "理解有必要为损失和痛苦以及格林纳达人民的创伤采取行动"[7] 。

奥斯汀于2008年12月18日获释，同时获释的还有科尔维尔-麦克巴内特和约翰-文图尔。

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Early life and political career[edit]

Hudson Austin was a member of the New Jewel Movement in Grenada. He was an early member of the military wing of the party and received military training in Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago along with eleven other Grenadians, sometimes referred to as "the twelve apostles". Austin was unique in this group as he also received training in the Soviet Union.^[1] He participated in the 1979 revolution which established the People's Revolutionary Government with Maurice Bishop at its head. After the revolution, Austin was in charge of the military forces of Grenada.

1983 Coup d'etat[edit]

In October 1983, factional political issues intensified within the government, most notably Bishop's alleged favouring of rapprochement clashing with Austin's wish for affiliation with the Soviet Union.^[2] These conflicts led deputy prime minister Bernard Coard to place Maurice Bishop under house arrest and to take control of the government. Austin supported the action. Conflicts between Austin and Bishop were established early on in the 1979 coup with Austin's wanting to eliminate as many members of the opposition as possible conflicting with Bishop's wish for a bloodless coup.^[3] Popular demonstrations afterwards broke out against the detention of Bishop. In the course of one demonstration, Bishop was freed from house arrest. Bishop was eventually executed by army soldiers.^[4] Throughout the conflict, Yuri Andropov continued to provide arms to Grenada and did nothing to aid Bishop throughout this ordeal. It has been suggested that Austin and Coard were at least passively supported by the Soviet Union in their ousting of Bishop.^[5]

As Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council[edit]

After the execution of Bishop, Austin disbanded the existing government and formed a military council with himself as chairman that would rule "until normality is restored." He made a radio announcement in which he claimed Bishop had led a mob to seize Fort Rupert, headquarters of the armed forces, with the intention of eliminating the NJM leadership and the army. As a result, Austin said, "the Revolutionary Armed Forces were forced to storm the fort, and in the process, the following persons were killed: Maurice Bishop, Unison Whiteman, Keith Hayling, Vincent Noel, Jacqueline Creft, Norris Bain and Fitzroy Bain among others." He then announced a four-day total curfew, warning the people, "No one is to leave their house. Anyone violating this curfew will be shot on sight."^[6]

Invasion of Grenada[edit]

The military government lasted for six days, until the United States invaded Grenada on 25 October 1983. Austin was arrested, along with all of those in the government and army who were alleged to have either participated in the decision to kill Bishop or were in the army chain of command that carried out the orders. He was sentenced to death along with Coard and the other coup leaders in 1986, but their sentences were later commuted to life in prison in 1991.

After 1991[edit]

In mitigation pleas made in 2007, while he sought to be released from prison he made no attempt to deny his responsibility for what happened in 1983. In the plea it was said that he "understand(s) the need to satisfy action for loss and suffering and the trauma of the Grenadian people."^[7]

Austin was released from prison on 18 December 2008, together with Colville McBarnett and John Ventour.^[8]