"苏联为何解体？
苏联破产了。
这个问题之前有详细信息。现在它们在评论中。
苏联破产了。
到 1991 年，它已无法在维持国民经济（即为人民提供食物和住所）正常运转的同时，维持庞大的军事工业综合体。自二战以来，克里姆林宫首次面临选择。
列宁和斯大林会选择军队。民众会开始反抗，他们会通过大规模的流血和绞杀来平息一切。朝鲜金氏家族在 20 世纪 90 年代就这么做了，而且成功了。
戈尔巴乔夫和他的同僚们并不想杀人。他们切断了军队。戈尔巴乔夫因此获得了人类的诺贝尔奖，并遭到了整个俄罗斯民族（除了像我这样的败类）的永世仇恨。
军工联合体（占经济的一半甚至更多）陷入停顿，各省的整个城市关闭，军队挨饿，疫情波及整个国家直至莫斯科。
然后发生了一件大事，就是你在历史书中所知道的那件大事。
苏联是一个由多个民族共和国组成的共产主义帝国。当莫斯科不再提供资金，而苏联令人生畏的镇压和控制机器也耗尽燃料时，各民族精英们就没有任何理由向莫斯科屈服。
十五个加盟共和国各奔东西，苏联计划完工。
这是整个苏联统治期间苏联黄金储备的动态。图表：黄金储备/黄金出口，以公吨为单位。下面的红线是黄金出口：我们主要卖掉它来购买西方的食物。
到 1991 年，它已无法在维持国民经济（即为人民提供食物和住所）正常运转的同时，维持庞大的军事工业综合体。自二战以来，克里姆林宫首次面临选择。
列宁和斯大林会选择军队。民众会开始反抗，他们会通过大规模的流血和绞杀来平息一切。朝鲜金氏家族在 20 世纪 90 年代就这么做了，而且成功了。
戈尔巴乔夫和他的同僚们并不想杀人。他们切断了军队。戈尔巴乔夫因此获得了人类的诺贝尔奖，并遭到了整个俄罗斯民族（除了像我这样的败类）的永世仇恨。
军工联合体（占经济的一半甚至更多）陷入停顿，各省的整个城市关闭，军队挨饿，疫情波及整个国家直至莫斯科。
然后发生了一件大事，就是你在历史书中所知道的那件大事。
苏联是一个由多个民族共和国组成的共产主义帝国。当莫斯科不再提供资金，而苏联令人生畏的镇压和控制机器也耗尽燃料时，各民族精英们就没有任何理由向莫斯科屈服。
十五个加盟共和国各奔东西，苏联计划完工。
这是整个苏联统治期间苏联黄金储备的动态。图表：黄金储备/黄金出口，以公吨为单位。下面的红线是黄金出口：我们主要卖掉它来购买西方的食物。
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人们为国家牺牲自我。这一概念已经延续了一千多年，你必须承认这一点。
美国采矿工程师约翰·利特尔佩奇（John Littlepage）为苏联采矿业提供了长达十年的帮助。他于 1938 年写了一本回忆录（我读过）：
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在西方，我们被告知苏联解体是因为改革失败、苏联经济破产、社会主义效率低下、人民失望等。虽然所有这些分析都是正确的，但它们并没有解释为什么 15 个共和国的领导人必须采取行动，也没有解释为什么分裂一个国家会解决大多数（如果有的话）这些问题。这就像说美国在大萧条期间可能会解体一样！所有这些引用的问题更像是这些共和国领导人反叛的借口。他们怎么能公开承认他们有秘密计划？我个人认为苏联解体是由于戈尔巴乔夫夺走了共产党在政治上的垄断地位。请记住，15 个共和国的领导人是各自共和国的共产党领导人。当共产党被剥夺垄断地位时，戈尔巴乔夫的宏伟野心对他们的权力构成了严重威胁！通过密谋在戈尔巴乔夫背后分裂苏联，这些小老板确保了他们在自己共和国的个人权力，更不用说每个人都从地区领导人晋升为*国家*领导人！
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斯大林之所以有如此巨额的黄金储备，是因为苏联人抢劫了西班牙共和体的黄金储备（在苏联的账簿上，这是西班牙自愿捐给斯大林的黄金）。
西班牙国库中储藏的印加和玛雅时代的古代黄金通过一次精彩的行动落到了斯大林手中，据说这次行动是为了保管这些黄金而进行的（如果你愿意的话，这也是一个愤世嫉俗的阴谋），据说他拍着大腿宣布——“西班牙人这辈子也见不到他们的黄金了”。
乌兹别克斯坦（当时的希瓦汗国和布哈拉酋长国）的大量黄金被抢走，统治者的国库和住所都被洗劫一空。大量黄金从人们手中被没收。我的祖父母失去了所有家族遗物，因为他们的邻居告诉内务人民委员部他们有一些遗物。
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哇！斯大林是如何在这么短的时间内大幅增加黄金储备的？
抢劫农民的粮食 + 抢劫教堂的黄金和贵重物品，没收新经济政策企业家的财产 + 出售冬宫艺术品
还要在科利马冰冷的荒原上让数以千计的人累死劳作，挖取金矿？
这个商业理念成功了，不是吗？
我们的“德扎瓦”概念包括人们为国家牺牲自我。这一概念已经延续了一千多年，你必须承认这一点。
加上工业黄金开采的增长，以下是公吨图表
美国采矿工程师约翰·利特尔佩奇（John Littlepage）为苏联采矿业提供了长达十年的帮助。他于 1938 年写了一本回忆录（我读过）：
寻找苏联黄金：约翰·D·利特尔页面：免费下载、借阅和流媒体：互联网档案馆
斯大林还掠夺了东欧和纳粹德国，而纳粹德国本身也掠夺了许多国家
理论上，共产主义就是从富人手中夺取财富，然后分配给穷人，但实际上，共产主义统治者掠夺富人，将财富留给自己，让穷人自生自灭。这就是为什么在共产主义下每个人都同样贫穷。
斯大林之所以有如此巨额的黄金储备，是因为苏联人抢劫了西班牙共和体的黄金储备（在苏联的账簿上，这是西班牙自愿捐给斯大林的黄金）。
西班牙国库中储藏的印加和玛雅时代的古代黄金通过一次精彩的行动落到了斯大林手中，据说这次行动是为了保管这些黄金而进行的（如果你愿意的话，这也是一个愤世嫉俗的阴谋），据说他拍着大腿宣布——“西班牙人这辈子也见不到他们的黄金了”。
或者罗马尼亚第一次世界大战时的黄金。
你说得对。但是西班牙的黄金从未被算作苏联黄金储备的一部分。
乌兹别克斯坦（当时的希瓦汗国和布哈拉酋长国）的大量黄金被抢走，统治者的国库和住所都被洗劫一空。大量黄金从人们手中被没收。我的祖父母失去了所有家族遗物，因为他们的邻居告诉内务人民委员部他们有一些遗物。
这不可能。（你是在答非所问吗？）看看 1928 年至 1941 年间黄金储备的突然激增。除了 1936 年底西班牙的黄金外，没有其他黄金流入苏联。
此外，在 1930 年代，所谓的“工业化”是通过出售苏联所有有价值的东西来“推动”的，包括冬宫博物馆和其他俄罗斯博物馆的杰作。人们的私人黄金被国家抢走。那么请解释一下 1928 年至 1941 年间哪些黄金流入了苏联宝库。
Torgsin +没收+金矿开采：
真的吗？我读到的是 - 其中大部分在二战初期与其他贵重物品一起用于偿还美国租借法案。
租借条约是不需要支付的…意思是“借出”，东西给人使用，然后归还。
最初，租借法案仅适用于英国，对于俄罗斯来说，它是“现购自运”法案，直到 1943 年才成为真正的租借法案。
“借”的问题在于，一旦您的坦克、枪支、子弹等被摧毁，您就无法归还，必须偿还。我相信最近俄罗斯和英国都偿还了镜头租赁债务。
实际上，如果在战斗中损失了武器，那么使用方并不需要向美国偿还，这导致战争结束时，曼彻斯特机场周围的“护堤”上停满了完好无损的美国飞机。
不要轻视曼彻斯特战役的英雄们！
告诉英国人！他们刚刚还清了债务。
这是美国历史上一段极其尴尬的插曲。我们如何与这个被我们欺负过的国家建立“特殊关系”。
苏联只偿还了租借法案价值的一小部分，而且是在很多年后。这不可能大量消耗他们的储备。
他们坚决拒绝支付任何款项，持续了大约 30 年，最终在 20 世纪 70 年代的某个时候同意偿还美国数十亿美元的苏联债务中的 7000 万美元。到那时，美国实际上只是想“关闭账户”，并不真正需要这笔钱。所以我们只是接受了象征性的付款。苏联承认任何债务对我们来说都比现金更有价值。对于 Ruzzian 来说，承认他们得到帮助或偿还债务总是令人感到羞辱。永远不要相信 Ruzzia。
租借。查找“租借”一词。
更好的办法是，查阅一下历史。我认为租约是一种委婉的说法。
在西方，我们被告知苏联解体是因为改革失败、苏联经济破产、社会主义效率低下、人民失望等。虽然所有这些分析都是正确的，但它们并没有解释为什么 15 个共和国的领导人必须采取行动，也没有解释为什么分裂一个国家会解决大多数（如果有的话）这些问题。这就像说美国在大萧条期间可能会解体一样！所有这些引用的问题更像是这些共和国领导人反叛的借口。他们怎么能公开承认他们有秘密计划？我个人认为苏联解体是由于戈尔巴乔夫夺走了共产党在政治上的垄断地位。请记住，15 个共和国的领导人是各自共和国的共产党领导人。当共产党被剥夺垄断地位时，戈尔巴乔夫的宏伟野心对他们的权力构成了严重威胁！通过密谋在戈尔巴乔夫背后分裂苏联，这些小老板确保了他们在自己共和国的个人权力，更不用说每个人都从地区领导人晋升为*国家*领导人！
上面说“俄罗斯”——是指苏联时期的整个苏联吗？
如果是这样，那么这些数据可能会受到波罗的海国家等脱离/“加入”的共和国的严重影响。
这是由一些民族主义者制造的，他们认为我们可以宣称一切都是苏联的
..但不需要为苏联的罪行和失败负责。（我想补充一下）
我不同意。首先，它没有崩溃，这是一次有意为之的改变，这个过程被称为“改革”，由戈尔巴乔夫发起。苏联领导人以及几乎所有人都意识到，计划经济、政府控制的经济效率低下，因为公司之间没有竞争。有些国家的黄金储备要少得多，就像 1991 年的苏联一样，他们没事。美国早就违约了，除非它继续提高债务上限，这比地球上所有的黄金储备都要高！俄罗斯在 1998 年就违约了。为什么当时它没有“崩溃”？但低效的经济可能导致破产，但破产不是主要原因。
我听说哈萨克斯坦在苏联解体之前曾一度是苏联的唯一成员国:)也许这就是哈萨克斯坦继承了苏联国际电话代码的原因。
有趣的是，金矿开采始于 1928 年，当时黄金储备处于低谷。科利马 - 维基百科。同样有趣的是1938 年西班牙黄金被盗事件（莫斯科黄金 - 维基百科） 。
杰克·利特尔佩奇 - 维基百科“斯大林读过几本关于 1849 年加利福尼亚淘金热的书，其中包括布雷特·哈特的作品和布雷斯·桑德拉的《萨特的黄金》，后来被改编成美国电影。[8] ”
“1927 年，45 岁的塞列布罗夫斯基以一名普通“矿业教授”的身份前往阿拉斯加（实际上他是莫斯科矿业学院的教授，也是政权的关键官员）；他的计划是在苏联复制美国的采矿技术。”
你完全正确，这是苏联黄金开采量的图表，以公吨为单位。
我认为冷战最终变成了银行账户之间的竞争，因为双方都意识到核冲突不会发生。美国有资源更快地推出更新的装备，迫使苏联做出反应/复制暴风雪号，然后苏联破产只是时间问题。我仍然非常尊重俄罗斯的设备。我记得当米格 25 出来的时候，我们真的吓坏了。多年后，我遇到了一名米格 25 飞行员。我们当时的想法是正确的。
Dima：回答得非常好，信息量很大！谢谢！
许多俄罗斯人（更确切地说是出生在前苏联的人）会告诉你，苏联解体的原因是中央情报局、阿富汗、低油价、米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫等
他们会告诉你一切，除了共产主义/社会主义和完全的经济平等很糟糕。
苏联的核心体系极其低效，因此任何负面的外部因素（例如低油价）只会加速该体系不可避免的崩溃。
整个苏联意识形态建立在对经济平等的痴迷之上。这种意识形态扼杀了个人高效工作的积极性。
苏联人非常努力地杀死
苏联解体的原因相当复杂。
The general view behind the Soviet collapse is that even though they were able to emerge as a superpower on the global stage, in the end, the system was deemed unworkable and they mostly fell under their own weight. In short, the question asked is usually, “well, if their system worked so well, why don’t we see the USSR on the map today?”
I’m going to tackle this question now, but it will not be an easy task as there are several political, military, and economic factors that prompted the dissolution of the USSR.
Economic st
Complete socialism, known as communism, does not work because people work harder and smarter for themselves and like to own stuff. Centrally planned economies cannot hope to compete with market economies. The Soviet Union always lagged behind the West in economic production and technical innovation. The USSR had so many natural resources and so much land that its system of economic production was clearly inefficient.
The USSR could not afford a military to keep up with the West. They were spending a huge percentage of their GDP to pay for a competitive military structure. Reagan announced an ex
The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 was the result of a combination of political, economic, and social factors that evolved over several decades. Here are some key reasons:
Economic Stagnation: By the 1980s, the Soviet economy was experiencing significant stagnation. Central planning led to inefficiencies, low productivity, and a lack of consumer goods. The economy struggled to adapt to new technologies and failed to innovate, leading to widespread dissatisfaction.
Political Reforms: Mikhail Gorbachev, who came to power in 1985, introduced reforms such as glasnost (openness) and perestroika
I'll put this answer in the form of a very concise list. There are eight main reasons for the Soviet Union's collapse:
1. The Soviet Union was too big and diverse to be ruled easily and orderly.
2. The state-run economy was inflexible and did not work well.
3. Accumulation of bad governmental policies, like agriculture collectivization and repression of the free market.
4. Extreme disregard for the environment
5. A yearning to break up the upper class. Communism was most certainly not a classless society. The top 1% had cars, fancy palaces, and plenty of money.
6. A growing human rights movemen
A few weeks before the Soviet Union collapsed, the CIA issued a report with expert prognosis on how long the USSR will last.
The report said that despite the recent attempt of a coup in the Soviet Union (August 1991[1]), the economic reforms of 1980s, Perestroika and Glasnost, the USSR would exist at least until the year 2020.[2]
This report was produced in November 1991, and on 8 December 1991 presidents of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia signed the decree that dissolved the Soviet Union.[3]
Kravchuk, Shushkevich, Yeltsin – 3 presidents of Soviet republics that canceled the Soviet Union.
How did it happen
Footnotes
[1] 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt - Wikipedia
[2] Director Admits C.I.A. Fell Short In Predicting the Soviet Collapse (Published 1992)
[3] Belovezh Accords - Wikipedia
I just want to point out another reason for the collapse of the Soviet Union which has not been rarely or not at all mentioned yet.
Between 1980 and 1990 there has been kind of a “mass mortality” within the ranks of the CPSU. Many important and competent Soviet politicians simply passed away. (and thus made space for newcomers and reformers). The “mass mortality” within the Soviet Union’s inner circle was instrumental in its downfall.Here a list of Soviet politcians that died between 1980 and 1990:
Alexei Kosygin - Minister president of the USSR (December ‘80)
Leonid Brezhnev - General Secreta
My new CCCP T-shirt. For some people, Soviet Union has never collapsed and lives on in the heart.
In Smolensk, Russia on the territory of the former Nazi concentration camp Dulag 126, multi-storey residential construction with playgrounds is going to be constructed.
So much for Kremlin preserving tragic memories of the past. When it’s a question of making money for the oligarchs, history and memories of World War Two go out of the door.
Preferential mortgage for public officials in Russia has been set at a rate of 12%, or well below inflation level. It was also extended until 2027.
In the meantime
We were cheated by the West and our own corrupted elite.
We had Soviet Union referendum, 1991 - Wikipedia where wast majority of population confirmed that we want to preserve USSR, all we wanted were some reforms. However, Soviet elite, with help from West of course, cheated people, they told us that our split will be just a formality and simple changing the name of USSR to Commonwealth of Independent States - Wikipedia
In reality Russian president and traitor Yeltsin later said that everybody can take as much independence as they want (including even regions of Russia itself). War in Chechnya i
There were many internal plus external reasons for the USSR to collapse and lose the cold war.
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Repulics) was officially established in the year 1922. After 70 years in 1991 it was disintegrated. So let’s look on the reasons for it.
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PROBLEMS :
Soviet Union was a totalitarian state with no accountability to the people. While on the other side the western democratic countries were open and liberal.
Erstwhile USSR
USSR was a union of 15 republics but it was heavily dominated by the Russian mainland. Russian was the official language of the Union . T
::Why did the Soviet Union collapse?
It would be great if you could give a bit of background about its lifestyle, economy and influence.::
It became ossified: it kept amassing military power for decades, investing a lot of money in its colossal military might, waiting for another fateful conflict with the West, while failing to keep its ideological faith and political will.
The greatest peaceful revolution of the last century, the fall of the USSR, was peaceful because its citizens, including its elites, weren’t willing to shed blood for something they have ceased to believe in a long time ago. A
1. Failure to implement World Revolution, or to share the world with Nazis, Japanese Imperialism, South American dictatorships and other low productivity systems. USSR was never supposed to compete with full-power Capitalism.
2. Eventual corruption of Communist cadres, and that's the first time in my life that I use the word "corruption" in entirely positive sense. First, they ended mass terror and released political prisoners in 1956 - not because they were such good guys, but because they didn't want themselves to be shot. They wanted to live in a system where unsuccessful back-stabbing of a
They made a mess of the post-Stalin reforms. Rather than move on to something more relaxed. Khrushchev made it the official line that Stalin had deviated from Lenin’s politics and a return to these was necessary. But this was basically untrue, and no sensible politics could be constructed from it.
(There has never yet been a successful political movement that saw any large difference between Lenin and Stalin: see Why Trotsky’s politics achieved nothing solid)
Khrushchev and his heirs also believed in total state control, but regulation using a pseudo-market that the state defined. This was a hop
The real fall of soviet union started in 1989, when all the allies of USSR (Warsaw Pact members) started to come out of communist form of government and peaceful revolutions sparkled all across Eastern Europe.Later, On Christmas Day 1991,Soviet Flag flew over Kremlin in Moscow for last time ending 69 years of world's largest Empire comprising 15 Nations.
Some of Notable Reasons for Soviet Collapse are:
Mikhail Gorbachev's Dual Policies : Gorbachev introduced two sets of policies that he hoped would help the USSR become a more prosperous, productive nation.
1.Perestroika:It Refers to economic re
Was life in the USSR good?
Is China going to completely collapse like the Soviet Union did soon?
How and why did the USSR collapse?
What would the world be like if the USSR had never collapsed?
How did the collapse of the Soviet Union affect the United States?
Did the US contribute to the Soviet Union’s collapse?
What most likely would've happened if the 1991 Coup d'etat in the Soviet Union was successful?
Why did the Soviet economy stagnate in the 1970s and 80s?
如果1991年苏联没有解体，现在的世界会是什么样子？
人们常说苏联解体在很大程度上是出乎意料的，但事实怎么会如此呢？"
https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Soviet-Union-collapse#:~:text=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E4%B8%BA,%E5%A6%82%E6%AD%A4%E5%91%A2%EF%BC%9F
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