大阿亞圖拉 ·侯賽因·阿里·蒙塔澤裡[ 1 ] [ 2 ] (波斯語: снязый манитурн [hosejnæˈliːje montæzeˈɾiː] ⓘ ; 1922年9月24日[ 3 ] [ 4 ] - 2009年12月19日）是伊朗什葉派伊斯蘭神學家、伊斯蘭民主倡議者、作家和人權運動者。伊朗革命的領導人之一什葉派伊斯蘭教的最高權威之一。 [ 5 ]他曾是革命最高領袖阿亞圖拉霍梅尼； 1989年，他們因政府政策發生爭執，蒙塔澤裡聲稱這些政策侵犯了人民的自由並剝奪了他們的權利，特別是在1988年大規模處決政治犯。庫姆度過了晚年接替魯霍拉·霍梅尼 (Ruhollah Khomeini)阿里·哈梅內伊 (Ali Khamenei ) 「 不負責任的統治」而被軟禁。他被稱為伊朗最有學識的高級伊斯蘭學者，[7] 什葉派伊斯蘭教的大瑪爾賈（宗教權威），據說是哈梅內伊的老師之一。 [ 7 ]
侯賽因·阿里·蒙塔澤裡 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 伊朗副最高領袖 | |
| 任職時間 1985年11月10日至1989年3月13日 | |
| 最高領袖 | 魯霍拉·霍梅尼 |
| 之前是 | 辦事處成立 |
| 成功者 | 辦事處撤銷 |
| 德黑蘭伊瑪目週五祈禱 | |
| 任職 時間1979年9月12日至1980年1月14日 | |
| 任命者： | 魯霍拉·霍梅尼 |
| 之前是 | 馬哈茂德·塔萊加尼 |
| 成功者 | 阿里·哈梅內伊 |
| 憲法專家會議主席 | |
| 任職時間 1979年8月19日至1979年11月15日 | |
| 之前是 | 職位已創建 |
| 成功者 | 職位被取消 |
| 憲法專家會議委員 | |
| 任職時間 1979年8月15日至1979年11月15日 | |
| 選區 | 德黑蘭省 |
| 多數 | 1,672,980 (66.24%) |
| 個人資料 | |
| 出生 | 1922 年 9 月 24 日， 納賈法巴德，波斯崇高國 |
| 死了 | 2009年12月19日（87歲）伊朗伊斯蘭共和國 庫姆 |
| 休息處 | 法蒂瑪·馬蘇梅神社 |
| 國籍 | 伊朗人 |
| 政黨 | 庫姆學院教師協會 |
| 配偶 | 馬哈蘇丹拉巴尼 號 （ 1942 年結婚 |
| 孩子們 | 7，包括穆罕默德·蒙塔澤裡 |
| 網站 | 阿蒙塔澤裡 |
| 主要興趣 | |
| 值得注意的想法 | |
| 母校 | 庫姆神學院 |
| 宗教生活 | |
| 宗教 | 伊斯蘭教 |
| 面值 | 十二 什葉派 |
| 學校 | 賈法裡 |
| 穆斯林領袖 | |
| 老師 | |
| 郵政 | 庫姆神學院 Feyziyeh 神學院 |
學生 | |
二十多年來，蒙塔澤裡一直是伊斯蘭共和國國內外政策的主要批評者之一。他也是伊朗巴哈伊信仰權利、公民權利和婦女權利的積極倡導者。蒙塔澤裡是一位多產的書籍和文章作家。他是伊斯蘭國家的堅定支持者，他認為革命後的伊朗並未被視為伊斯蘭國家。
早年生活與公共事業
編輯蒙塔澤裡出生於 1922 年，來自納賈法巴德的一個農民家庭，納賈法巴德是伊斯法罕省的一個城市，位於德黑蘭以南 250 英里，[ 8 ] [ 9 ]。他的早期神學教育是在伊斯法罕進行的。霍梅尼被國王強迫流亡後，蒙塔澤裡「坐在了霍梅尼為反對巴列維統治而建立的教士網絡的中心」。他成為法茲耶神學院的教師。在那裡，他響應霍梅尼的號召，抗議1963 年 6 月沙阿·穆罕默德·禮薩·巴列維發起的白色革命，並積極參與反沙阿的教士圈。[ 10 ] 1974年他被送進監獄，1978年被釋放，及時參加革命活動。[ 11 ]蒙塔澤裡隨後前往庫姆，在那裡學習神學。[ 12 ]
後來的異議和軟禁
編輯霍梅尼於 1989 年 6 月去世，另一位神職人員賽義德·阿里·哈梅內伊 (Seyed Ali Khamen'i ) 被專家大會選為新的最高領袖。在蒙塔澤裡被罷黜之前，哈梅內伊曾是高級伊斯蘭領袖。他的晉升得到了許多什葉派人士的接受，[ 39 ]蒙塔澤裡是個例外。
1989年12月，蒙塔澤裡在庫姆的支持者散發了“夜間信件”，質疑哈梅內伊成為Marja e Taqlid（“模仿之源”），或者換句話說，阿亞圖拉的資格。作為報復，革命衛隊「拘留並羞辱」蒙塔澤裡，「強迫他戴睡帽而不是戴白頭巾」。[ 18 ]
1997年10月，在公開批評哈梅內伊的權威後，蒙塔澤里以保護他免受強硬派侵害為藉口被軟禁。 2003年，在100多名伊朗立法者呼籲總統哈塔米釋放他後，他被從軟禁中釋放[ 40 ] [ 41 ] 。有些人認為，政府解除軟禁是為了避免患病的蒙塔澤裡在拘留期間死亡可能引起民眾強烈反對。[ 42 ]
對政府的批評
編輯1988年處決伊朗政治犯期間，蒙塔澤裡寫信給霍梅尼說：「至少下令饒恕有孩子的婦女……幾天之內處決數千名囚犯不會產生正面的影響，也不會沒有錯誤。[ 43 ]
2007年1月22日，蒙塔澤裡批評伊朗前總統 內賈德的核子政策和經濟政策。[ 44 ] [ 45 ]
他雖然同意伊朗有權發展核能，但稱艾哈邁迪內賈德在這一問題上的做法具有侵略性，他說：「我們必須用智慧對付敵人，而不是挑釁它，..... 。他的（挑釁）只會給國家帶來問題” [ 45 ]並問道：“我們難道沒有其他權利嗎？指的是個人權利和人權。[ 44 ]蒙塔澤裡也批評了內賈德政府領導下伊朗的經濟表現，指出通貨膨脹率——包括住房成本增加了50% [ 44 ] ——並認為一個國家不能靠「口號」來治理。[ 46 ]
蒙塔澤裡在 2008 年接受美國之音 採訪時談到革命29 週年時表示，這場革命給伊斯蘭教帶來了壞名聲，他認為「不幸的是，這場革命只是名義上仍然是伊斯蘭的。[ 47 ]他也曾在2008年發表聲明，支持伊斯蘭共和國受迫害的巴哈伊教徒的權利，稱儘管巴哈伊教徒不像猶太人、基督徒和瑣羅亞斯德教徒那樣是聖經人，但：
「他們是這個國家的公民，他們有公民權並在這個國家生活。此外，他們必須受益於《古蘭經》和宗教當局所強調的伊斯蘭同情心。” [ 48 ]
2009 年 6 月 16 日，蒙塔澤裡在反對艾哈邁迪內賈德連任的抗議活動中再次公開反對他。艾哈邁迪內賈德在一場競爭激烈且充滿爭議的競選中再次當選總統，這場競選涉及許多候選人，但領先者是艾哈邁迪內賈德和前總理米爾侯賽因穆薩維。政府報告稱，艾哈邁迪內賈德以 62% 的得票率贏得了選舉。蒙塔澤裡表示，「沒有一個頭腦正常的人會相信」結果是公平計算的。[ 49 ]蒙塔澤裡呼籲公眾為 6 月 20 日抗議活動中遇害的內達·阿加·索爾坦 (Neda Agha-Soltan) 和其他人的死亡 舉行三天哀悼。他進一步宣稱，當時的執政政府不是伊斯蘭政府，也不是共和國政府，而是軍事政府。[ 50 ] [ 51 ] 2009年11月，在伊朗人質危機30週年慶祝活動的前一天，蒙塔澤裡表示，1979年佔領美國大使館是個錯誤。[ 52 ]
死亡
編輯
2009 年 12 月19日，蒙塔澤裡因心臟衰竭在庫姆家中睡夢中去世，享年 87 歲。有關他死亡的報道並稱他為“暴亂者中的神職人員”。[ 59 ]國家電視台和廣播電台的情況類似，顯示政府與其反對者之間的緊張關係。[ 60 ]
葬禮和抗議
編輯本節可能太長，無法舒適地閱讀和導航。 （2017 年 7 月） |
據說蒙塔澤裡的葬禮標誌著伊朗2009年起義的「新階段」 。[ 61 ]
12月21日
編輯
12月21日，來自伊朗各地的數十萬哀悼者和綠色運動支持者參加了蒙塔澤裡的葬禮，並將葬禮變成了針對伊朗政府的大規模抗議活動。他的葬禮在他家開始，葬禮祈禱在庫姆大清真寺舉行。[ 62 ]在阿亞圖拉穆薩·沙比里·贊賈尼 (Ayatollah Mousa Shabiri Zanjani) 進行特別祈禱後，[ 63 ]他的遺體被安葬在法蒂瑪·馬蘇梅神社 (Fatima Masumeh Shrine)。[ 64 ]他與他的兒子穆罕默德·蒙塔澤裡 (Mohammad Montazeri) 合葬。[ 65 ] [ 66 ]
抗議者高喊反對派口號，包括“我們的恥辱，我們的恥辱，我們的白痴領導人”和“獨裁者，這是你最後的信息：伊朗人民正在崛起！”
儘管警察基本上沒有介入葬禮，但抗議者和巴斯基民兵之間還是發生了一些小衝突。同樣在 12 月 21 日，在蒙塔澤裡遺體安息的庫姆聖地內，反對派活動人士聚集在一起，高喊「獨裁者去死」。當一群親政府的巴斯基民兵向他們走來，高喊「偽君子去死」時，人群轉而喊出反巴斯基的口號。然後他們拿出錢，獻給巴斯基，並高喊自己是政府的傭兵：「石油錢在哪裡？花在巴斯吉身上」和「巴斯吉的偉大驕傲，監獄裡的強暴」。[ 67 ]同一天，米爾-侯賽因·穆薩維從改革派同僚大阿亞圖拉薩內伊的住所走出，穿過街道來到蒙塔澤裡位於庫姆的家。就在這時，一群30名大鬍子男子手持蒙塔澤裡的照片混入人群，扔下肖像，開始攻擊穆薩維，並高喊「偽君子去死」。這位前候選人必須迅速被趕進蒙塔澤里大院。當神職人員邁赫迪·卡魯比走上街頭時，同樣的事情也發生了。這一次，改革派團體做好了準備，擊退了治安維持者，以便卡魯比能夠通過。[ 67 ]
送葬隊伍結束後，安全部隊湧入這座城市，封鎖了通往阿亞圖拉家的道路，並撕毀了阿亞圖拉的海報。據報道，哀悼者向試圖阻止他們高喊支持蒙塔澤裡口號的警察投擲石塊。當擴音器命令哀悼者不要高喊口號時，哀悼者做出了挑釁性的回應，並高喊“Ya Hossein，Mir Hossein”以支持米爾·侯賽因·穆薩維。一名目擊者稱，當一群親政府支持者高呼「我將為最高領袖獻出生命」時，他們遭到了哀悼者的噓聲。[ 50 ]安全部隊阻止阿亞圖拉的家人在葬禮後在庫姆大清真寺舉行原定的紀念儀式。[ 68 ]
根據改革派網站 Kalameh 報道，據信是內賈德支持者的騎摩托車男子襲擊了載著米爾·侯賽因·穆薩維從庫姆返回德黑蘭的汽車。他們侮辱穆薩維，砸碎後窗，打傷他的一名助手。[ 65 ] [ 69 ]
阿亞圖拉蒙塔澤裡的出生地納賈法巴德也發生了抗議活動。網路影片顯示，抗議者揮舞著綠色橫幅，高呼“獨裁者，獨裁者，蒙塔澤裡還活著！” “噢，蒙塔澤裡，即使獨裁者射殺了我們所有人，我們也會走你的路！” [ 68 ]
12月22日至23日
編輯On 22 December, Ahmadinejad continued his quest to strip his opponents of their last vestiges of political power. He interrupted a visit to Shiraz to return to Tehran and remove Mir Hossein Mousavi, the main opposition leader he defeated in the presidential election, as head of the state Academy of Arts and Culture- a post he had held for ten years.[70] Hardliners also wanted Mousavi arrested for his role in inciting unrest since the disputed June election.[71]
On 23 December, Iranian security forces clashed with tens of thousands of opposition supporters in the city of Isfahan, according to opposition website reports. Activists said police used tear gas, pepper spray and batons to disperse people gathering to commemorate Grand Ayatollah Montazeri in the Seyed mosque. People had gathered at the main mosque for the memorial service, but when they arrived the doors were closed and security forces told them to leave. Afterwards, security forces began beating people, including women and children with batons, chains and stones, used tear gas and pepper spray and arrested at least 50 people, including four journalists and a cleric, Masoud Abid, who was to deliver the sermon. Many were also injured. One witness said, "They took people in the shops and beat them up mostly out of public vision although some beatings happened outside on the streets." Security forces also sealed off the home of Ayatollah Jalal Al-Din Taheri, who organised the service and used to lead Friday prayers in Isfahan until he resigned in 2002 in protest at the government’s growing authoritarianism.[70][71][72][73][74][75]
Meanwhile, footage sent to the BBC from Najafabad showed crowds chanting "Criminals, rapists, death to the leadership" and "We're not afraid, we're not afraid" as security men watched from rooftops.[73]
Police severely attacked mourners and protesters in several cities, with many wounded and arrested. The government also announced that banknotes with anti-government annotation, which recently spread across the country, will be forbidden starting from 8 January.[76]
24 December
editOn 24 December, opposition web sites reported that police in Tehran and the northwestern city of Zanjan clashed with protesters defying an order by the Iranian government banning memorial services for Montazeri. Protesters marched in Imam Khomeini Square in southern Tehran in a sign of mourning for Montazeri. The protesters chanted, "Today is a mourning day; the green nation of Iran is mourning today"—a reference to the trademark color of the opposition. The police attacked the protesters with clubs and tear gas. Older women tried to prevent the arrest of young men by throwing themselves on them, and were severely beaten by officers who intended to drag the young men away.[77]
Meanwhile, the police in Zanjan, a city of mostly Turkish speakers, tried to prevent a mourning ceremony for Montazeri by locking the mosque where the ceremony was to be held and attacking mourners who chanted outside it. It was mentioned that: “The police beat people with such violence that many suffered from broken legs, arms and noses.” There were also many arrests.[77]
26 December
editWitnesses and opposition websites reported the following incidents:
- There were protests in several areas of the capital, including the poorer areas of south Tehran, and government forces were using tear gas to try to disperse demonstrators.[78]
- Clashes were reported in northern Tehran near Jamaran mosque (where Khomeini used to address people), between thousands of opposition supporters (who shouted anti-government slogans) and riot police. Reformist ex-President Mohammad Khatami had been due to speak at the mosque to mark the Shiite holy day of Ashura. However, security officials cancelled the Ashura speech to be given by Khatami and also surrounded the mosque. A reformist website reported about 50 plainclothes forces breaking into Jamaran mosque and attacking people. Riot police also fired tear gas during the incident. Protesters shouted, "death to this dictatorship" and "if Khomeini was alive, he would sure be with us," according to witnesses. A witness also said, "Police told them they have five minutes to leave and, when they were still shouting slogans and persisted, policemen on motorbikes drove through the crowds and fired teargas." Riot police and members of the Basij also chased demonstrators into the nearby bustling Niavaran street and fired paintballs at them. The security forces also arrested several protesters. Clashes were also reported between police and protesters near another north Tehran mosque, Dar al-Zahra, which is known to host reformist clerics.[78][79][80]
- Opposition supporters had gathered in groups along a stretch of a main Tehran city centre route several kilometres long, but police were out in force and were not letting them join each other. Earlier, there were clashes at several points along Enghelab Street, a main thoroughfare where months earlier hundreds of thousands of opposition supporters had staged protest marches after Ahmadinejad's disputed re-election. Police also stopped and arrested the passengers of a bus near Enghelab Square because they were chanting pro-opposition slogans. Some protesters were reported to have chanted: "The dictator must know that he will soon be overthrown."[78][79][81][82]
- Tension was running high at rallies in which protesters were chanting anti-government slogans in three areas of central Tehran. Government forces, including soldiers of the elite Revolutionary Guard and the paramilitary Basiji, are said to have reacted aggressively—beating protesters with batons, firing warning shots into the air to disperse demonstrators, using teargas and pepper spray and smashing the windscreens of cars that were hooting in protest, as well as making numerous arrests.[78][81][82]
- Security forces chased protesters into a building housing the offices of the ISNA news agency, where some demonstrators had sought shelter during the clashes, ISNA said, adding one of its reporters had been injured when security forces had attacked the building. An eyewitness said at least two people were injured when police chased after protesters into the building. “They fractured the skull of one ISNA person and badly beat up another employee,” the witness said. ISNA's news service appeared to be working normally and it later issued a report on the incident, saying one of its reporters had been injured without specifying who was to blame.[79][81]
- An elderly woman travelling on a city bus in the area was heard urging passengers to chant slogans such as "Ya Hossein, Mir Hossein" in support of opposition leader Mir Hossein Mousavi, a witness said. The witness said passengers on the packed bus also chanted "Our Neda is not dead, it is the government which is dead," referring to protester Neda Agha Soltan, who bled to death during a 20 June protest in shocking scenes caught on video and viewed by millions around the world.[79]
- 目擊者稱，防暴警察在德黑蘭多個地區鳴槍示警，以威懾示威者，其中許多人高呼口號，越來越多地反對該國最高領袖、伊朗最有權勢的人物阿亞圖拉阿里·哈梅內伊，而不是總統內賈德。[ 82 ]
- 據報道，伊斯法罕、克爾曼沙赫和設拉子等城市發生了衝突，反對派支持者利用塔蘇阿和阿舒拉儀式走上街頭。[ 82 ]
後來的事件
編輯2010年，根據阿里·哈梅內伊的命令，蒙塔澤裡的兒子艾哈邁德管理的辦公室被關閉。[ 62 ]
進一步閱讀
編輯- 多里·納傑夫·阿巴迪，戈爾班·阿里 (2005)。“8”。在納扎里，蓋達爾（編輯）。Khaterat e Hojat-ol-eslam val-moslemin Dorri Najaf Abadi（第一版）。德黑蘭：IDRC（伊朗革命文獻中心）。第232–233頁. 原始存檔於2007年3月25日.
- 尼基凱迪 (2003)。現代伊朗：革命的根源與結果。耶魯大學出版社。
- 桑德拉‧麥基 (1996)。伊朗人：波斯、伊斯蘭教和一個民族的靈魂。達頓。
- 莫因，巴克爾（2000）。霍梅尼：阿亞圖拉的一生。湯瑪斯鄧恩書籍。
- 侯賽因·阿里·蒙塔澤裡 (2000)。“8”。卡特拉特。頁 471– 480.原始存檔於2006年2月7日。
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