1-5回程

 1-5The Return

1-5回程

Ash'ash and his party said their farewells and left Paris on 17 Feb- ruary 1846. Heading south, at their hosts' insistence they made a detour via Toulon, the home port of the French Mediterranean fleet; here they inspected a warship that, unknown to them, had taken part in the bombardments of Tangier and Mogador in 1844. Finally they reached Marseille, where they stopped for several days to make numerous purchases of silks and gold brocades for the Sultan and his First Minister. On March 2nd the group boarded the Mé- téore, reaching Tetuan five days later. Scenes of wild joy greeted them on their return. A Frenchman who was present gave an account of their reception:

1846 年 2 月 17 日，Ash'ash 一行告別巴黎。在主人的堅持下，他們繞道法國地中海艦隊的母港土倫（Toulon）南下；在這裡，他們參觀了一艘他們不知道曾在 1844 年參與轟炸丹吉爾（Tangier）和摩加多（Mogador）的戰艦。最後，他們到達了馬賽，在那裡停留了幾天，為蘇丹和他的第一大臣購買了大量的絲綢和金錦。3 月 2 日，他們登上了 Mé- téore 號船，五天後抵達Tetuan。他們回程時一派欣喜若狂的景象。一位在場的法國人講述了他們受到接待的情況：

All the religious corporations and the ulema of the various mosques lined the streets, waving the colorful flags of the marabouts. The Pasha approached each group, one by one, and recited words of the Koran with them, while the sa- cred standards drooped to surround him with the benedic- tions of the Prophet. Women, children, and old people ran up onto the terraces; they were dressed in clothing re- served for feast days. The Jewish quarter especially presented a gorgeous sight, with the embroidered dresses and jewels of its women. They saluted the Pasha with their "you-yous" and "vivas," while the menfolk lining the sides of the street re- spectfully kissed the knees and burnoose of the Pasha. 63

所有的宗教團體和各清真寺的烏里瑪都在街上列隊，他們揮舞著馬拉布特的彩色旗幟。Pasha 逐一走近每個團體，與他們一起誦讀《古蘭經》，與此同時，Sa-credit 標準低垂，以先知的祝福圍繞著他。婦女、兒童和老人跑上陽台；他們穿著節日的盛裝。猶太人區的婦女們穿著刺繡的衣服，佩戴著珠寶，特別顯得華麗。婦女們用 「you-yous 「和 」vivas 」向帕夏致敬，而街道兩旁的男人們則熱情地親吻帕夏的膝蓋和褲頭。63

Before entering his house, Ash'ash went directly to the mosque where the remains of his father were buried, to give thanks for the happy outcome of his mission.

在進入他的家之前，Ash'ash 直接前往埋葬他父親遺骸的清真寺，為他任務的圓滿結果致謝。

Almost immediately, the ambassador set out for Marrakesh to report to the Sultan. On 22 March 1846 the British Consul, John H. Drummond Hay, also en route to Marrakesh, met him in Rabat and had tea with him. Hay noted in his journal that Ash'ash "is the best style of Moor I have seen, and appears to have rubbed off the usual quantum of Moorish fanaticism on his visit to Paris."65 Ac- cording to Hay, Ash'ash was received at court with honor, a sign that the Sultan approved of his conduct abroad.

大使幾乎立即啟程前往馬拉喀什向蘇丹報告。1846 年 3 月 22 日，英國領事 John H. Drummond Hay 也在前往馬拉喀什的途中，在拉巴特與他會面並共進下午茶。海伊在他的日記中指出，阿什阿什「是我見過的摩爾人中風格最好的，而且似乎已經褪去了他在巴黎訪問時所帶有的摩爾人的狂熱。

Ash'ash returned home to his post as governor. But he did not forget his French hosts, and according to documents in the French archives, wrote to de Chasteau: "If you have any desire, make it known to me, and with the help of God I will carry it out."66 Throughout the spring and summer of 1846, he provided the French Consul with valuable information about local affairs. Soon other partisans of France appeared, and the circle of those receiving payments from the French widened to include the highest officials of the Makhzan: according to French sources, the First Minister, Ibn Idris, received 29,920 francs in Spanish doubloons; Bü Silham was given 10,360 francs, which he accepted after swearing to "undying secrecy"; and Bin Abu, the governor of the Rif, was promised 18,000 francs yearly, "as long as he continued to act in the interests of France."68 Roches's prediction had come true: a revolution had taken place at the court, and for the moment the position of France was predominant. The British Consul Hay wrote: "Not a day passes that I do not see the decrease of our influence and an increase of the French."69

Ash'ash 回國擔任總督。但他沒有忘記他的法國主人，根據法國檔案中的文件，他寫信給 de Chasteau： 「66 在整個 1846 年的春天和夏天，他向法國領事提供了有關當地事務的寶貴資訊。很快，其他法國的支持者也出現了，接受法國人付款的範圍擴大到了 Makhzan 的最高級官員：根據法國的資料來源，第一部長 Ibn Idris 收到了 29,920 法郎的西班牙銀幣；Bü Silham 得到了 10,360 法郎，他在宣誓 「絕對保密 」後接受了這筆錢；Rif 的總督 Bin Abu 獲允每年 18,000 法郎，「只要他繼續為法國的利益服務」。 「68 羅歇的預言成真了：宮廷發生了一場革命，法國的地位暫時佔了上風。英國領事海伊（Hay）寫道：「我沒有一天不看到我們的影響力下降，而法國的影響力上升。

The Moroccans also viewed the embassy with satisfaction. Not long after Ash'ash's return, Guizot decided to relieve the pressure on the Sultan, and allow him to deal with 'Abd al-Qadir at his own pace. Deprived of Moroccan support, the latter eventually gave himself up and went into exile. But the congruity of interests between Morocco and France was only temporary, and was swept away with the Revolution of 1848. In the aftermath of the upheaval, European imperialist ambitions were to reemerge with new vigor, placing the two states again in bitter contention."

摩洛哥人也對大使館感到滿意。Ash「ash 回國後不久，Guizot 決定減輕蘇丹的壓力，讓他以自己的步調處理 」Abd al-Qadir。由於得不到摩洛哥的支持，卡迪爾最終自首流亡。但摩洛哥與法國之間的利益一致只是暫時的，隨著1848年的革命而一掃而空。在這場動亂之後，歐洲帝國主義的野心以新的活力重新崛起，使這兩個國家再次陷入激烈的爭奪之中"。

As for the dour "savant," Muhammad aş-Şaffär, shortly after his return he began to write his travel account. Perhaps he had intended to write from the beginning, for he had kept a journal; perhaps, too, he was urged to write by Ash'ash, who wanted a written record of the journey to present to the Sultan. What is certain is that the most abiding outcome of the embassy is the rihla. And while the name of the ambassador and the purpose of his mission have receded with time, the name of the secretary, Muhammad aş-Şaffär, has endured.

至於沉悶的 「精明人 」Muhammad aş-Şaffär，回國後不久便開始撰寫他的旅行記事。也許他一開始就打算寫，因為他一直有寫日記；也許是阿什阿什催促他寫，因為他想寫下旅途的書面記錄呈遞給蘇丹。可以確定的是，使節之旅最持久的成果就是裡拉 (rihla)。儘管大使的名字和他出使的目的已隨著時間的流逝而消失，但秘書 Muhammad aş-Şaffär 的名字卻歷久不衰。

Plate 6. The house of Governor Ash'äsh in Tetuan. Watercolor by Lt. Bellaire, 1844. Angus collection, Old American Legation, Tangier.

圖6. Tetuan的 Ash'äsh 總督府。Bellaire 中校的水彩畫，1844 年。安格斯收藏，丹吉爾舊美國公使館。

註解：

60. 10 January 1846.

61. The Moroccan suite visited the warship Jemmapes, anchored in the port of Toulon, on 25 February 1846. AAE/CPM 16/35-37, Pourcet to Guizot, 2 March 1846. This vessel took part in the bombardment of Tan- gier, where it was "positioned opposite the Casbah and within rifle-shot of the town." Warnier, Campagne du Maroc, p. 96.

62. Ash'ash left France with forty-six pieces of baggage weighing 2,064 kilos. AAE/ADM/Voyage, "bill of lading."

63. AAE/CPM 16/71-74, Pourcet to Guizot, 13 March 1846. The Jews of northern Morocco are mostly Spanish-speaking, tracing their ancestry to Spanish exiles of the late fifteenth century.

64. Family Archive. Ibn Idris to Muhammad ar-Razīnī, 20 Rabī al- Awwal 1262/18 March 1846.

65. J. H. D. Hay, Journal of an Expedition to the Court of Marocco in the Year 1846 (Cambridge, 1848), p. 45.

66. AAE/CPM 16/68, Ash'ash to de Chasteau, 10 March 1846.

67. AAE/CPM 17/212, de Chasteau to Guizot, 27 September 1846, for

a report originating with Ash'äsh about the arrival of a British flotilla in Tetuan. 68. AAE/CPM 18/160-65, de Chasteau to Guizot [?], 12 February

1847. Laroui says that certain families began receiving large sums of money and became "faithful allies of European interests." History, p. 322. Such bribery was already commonplace in the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century, where it was "integral to the transaction of business." Thomas Naff, "Ottoman Diplomatic Relations with Europe in the Eigh- teenth Century: Patterns and Trends," in Thomas Naff and Roger Owen, eds., Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History (Carbondale, 1977), p. 95.

69. Public Records Office, FO 99/31, Hay to Palmerston, 4 November 1846, quoted in F. R. Flournoy, British Policy toward Morocco in the Age of Palmerston (Baltimore, 1935), р. 116.

70. Guizot, France under Louis-Philippe, pp. 198-206. In the Istiqsa, vol. 9. an-Naşiri documents the steady deterioration in relations between the Sultan and the Amir, the latter's "corruption of the tribes" (p. 50); his "re- bellion against the Sultan" (p. 56); and his final capture, greeted with offi- cial rejoicing in Morocco (p. 58).

71. The aftermath of the embassy and developments in French-

Moroccan relations are described in Miège, Le Maroc 2:214-20.

60. 1846 年 1 月 10 日。

61. 1846年2月25日，摩洛哥套房訪問了停泊在土倫港的軍艦Jemmapes。AAE/CPM 16/35-37，Pourcet 致 Guizot，1846 年 3 月 2 日。這艘船參與了坦吉爾（Tan- gier）的砲轟，它 「停靠在卡斯巴（Casbah）對面，距離城鎮只有步槍射程」。Warnier, Campagne du Maroc, p. 96。

62. Ash'ash 帶著 46 件行李離開法國，共重 2,064 公斤。AAE/ADM/Voyage，「提貨單」。

63. AAE/CPM 16/71-74，Pourcet 致 Guizot，1846 年 3 月 13 日。摩洛哥北部的猶太人大多說西班牙語，他們的祖先可追溯至十五世紀末的西班牙流亡者。

64. 家庭檔案。Ibn Idris 致 Muhammad ar-Razīnī，Rabī al- Awwal 1262 年 3 月 20 日/1846 年 3 月 18 日。

65. J. H. D. Hay, Journal of an Expedition to the Court of Marocco in the Year 1846 (Cambridge, 1848), p. 45。

66. AAE/CPM 16/68，Ash'ash 致 de Chasteau，1846 年 3 月 10 日。

67. AAE/CPM 17/212，de Chasteau 致 Guizot，1846 年 9 月 27 日。

一份源自 Ash'äsh 的報告，內容關於一支英國船隊抵達Tetuan。68. 68. AAE/CPM 18/160-65，de Chasteau 致 Guizot [?]，1847 年 2 月 12 日。

1847. Laroui 說某些家族開始收到大筆金錢，並成為「歐洲利益的忠實盟友」。歷史》，第 322 頁。這種賄賂在 18 世紀的鄂圖曼帝國已經司空見慣，是 「商業交易不可或缺的一部分」。Thomas Naff，"Ottoman Diplomatic Relations with Europe in the Eigh- teenth Century： Thomas Naff, 「Ottoman Diplomatic Relations with Europe in the Eigh- teenth Century: Patterns and Trends,」 in Thomas Naff and Roger Owen, eds., Studies in Eighteenth Century Islamic History (Carbondale, 1977), p. 95.

69. Public Records Office, FO 99/31, Hay to Palmerston, 4 November 1846, quoted in F. R. Flournoy, British Policy toward Morocco in the Age of Palmerston (Baltimore, 1935), р. 116. 116.

70. Guizot, France under Louis-Philippe, pp. 在《伊斯提克薩》(Istiqsa) 第 9 卷中，an-Naşiri 記錄了蘇丹與埃米爾關係的不斷惡化，埃米爾「腐化部落」(第 50 頁)；他「再賄賂蘇丹」(第 56 頁)；以及他最後被俘，摩洛哥國內一片歡騰(第 58 頁)。

71. 使館事件後法國與摩洛哥關係的發展。

摩洛哥關係的發展在 Miège, Le Maroc 2:214-20 中有所描述。