土肥原賢二參考書目

 土肥原賢二（日語：土肥原 賢二どひはら けんじ、1883年8月8日—1948年12月23日），日本帝國昭和時代的陸軍大將。從1913年起在中華民國從事策劃侵略活動，有「帝國陸軍頭號中國通」之稱，參與策劃了九一八事變，扶植清遜帝溥儀在中國東北地區成立傀儡政權滿洲帝國以及在日軍入侵中國華北地區中發揮核心作用。經遠東國際軍事法庭列為甲級戰犯，在東京審判中被處以死刑。

• 日本戰爭罪行

參考文獻[編輯]

1. ^ 戰爭罪和種族滅絕百科全書，第 127 頁，檔案事實，萊斯利·艾倫·霍維茨和克里斯托弗·卡瑟伍德， ISBN  9780816060016，2006年
2. ^ 間諜百科全書，第 313 頁，Ronald Sydney Seth， ISBN 9780385016094，Doubleday，1974 年 
3. ^ 《 內部敵人：間諜史》，第 221 頁，Terry Crowdy，Osprey Publishing， ISBN 9781846032172，2008年 
4. ^ Sims，明治維新以來的日本政治史 1868-2000
5. ^ 白色恐怖：跨西伯利亞的哥薩克軍閥，第 299 頁，傑米·比舍爾，勞特利奇， ISBN 9780714656908，2005年 
6. ^ 傑米·比舍爾 (2005)。白色恐怖：跨西伯利亞的哥薩克軍閥。勞特利奇。p。359.國際標準書號 0-714-65690-9。
7. ^ 和平陰謀：汪精衛與中國戰爭，1937-1941，卷。67，《哈佛東亞系列》，哈佛大學東亞研究中心，哈佛大學出版社，1972 年
8. ^ 白色恐怖：跨西伯利亞的哥薩克軍閥，第 298 頁，傑米·比舍爾，勞特利奇， ISBN 978-0714656908，2005年 
9. ^ 三井：日本商業的三個世紀，第 312-313 頁，John G. Roberts，Weatherhill，1991 年， ISBN 9780834800809 
10. ^ 費正清，JK；高盛，M.（2006）。中國：新歷史（第二版）。哈佛大學出版社。p。320.國際標準書號 9780674018280。
11. ^ 鴉片帝國：亞洲的日本帝國主義和毒品販運，1895-1945，約翰·M·詹寧斯，第 102 頁，普拉格，1997 年， ISBN 0275957594 
12. ^ Maga，《東京的審判》

書籍[編輯]

• WG 比斯利 (1991)。日本帝國主義 1894-1945 年。牛津大學出版社。國際標準書號 0-19-822168-1。
• 大衛·巴雷特（2001）。中國與日本的合作，1932-1945：包容的限制。斯坦福大學出版社。國際標準書號 0-8047-3768-1。
• 赫伯特·P·比克斯(2001)。裕仁與現代日本的形成。哈珀多年生植物。國際標準書號 0-06-093130-2。
• 理查德·富勒（1992）。Shokan：裕仁的武士。倫敦：武器與盔甲。國際標準書號 1-85409-151-4。
• 林三郎；阿爾文·D·考克斯 (1959)。Kogun：太平洋戰爭中的日本軍隊。維吉尼亞州匡提科：海軍陸戰隊協會。
• 馬加，蒂莫西·P.（2001）。東京審判：日本戰罪審判。肯塔基大學出版社。國際標準書號 0-8131-2177-9。
• 理查德‧米尼爾 (Richard H.) (1971)。維克多的正義：東京戰犯審判。美國新澤西州普林斯頓：普林斯頓大學出版社。
• 約翰·托蘭(1970)。《旭日東昇：日本帝國的衰敗與衰落 1936-1945》。蘭登書屋。國際標準書號 0-8129-6858-1。
• 伯納德·瓦瑟斯坦（1999）。上海的秘密戰爭：二戰中間諜、陰謀與叛國的不為人知的故事。霍頓米夫林。國際標準書號 0-395-98537-4。

外部連結[編輯]

• 阿門索普、史蒂恩. 「土肥原賢二」。第二次世界大戰的將軍。
• 《學者、傻瓜與通貨膨脹》。時代雜誌。1932 年 4 月 25 日。原始內容存檔於2007年9月30日。檢索於2008 年 8 月 14 日。
• ZBW 20 世紀新聞檔案中有關土肥原健二的剪報

• Japanese war crimes

References[edit]

1. ^ Encyclopedia of War Crimes And Genocide, p.127, Facts on File, Leslie Alan Horvitz & Christopher Catherwood, ISBN 9780816060016, 2006
2. ^ Encyclopedia of espionage, p.313, Ronald Sydney Seth, ISBN 9780385016094, Doubleday, 1974
3. ^ The Enemy Within: A History of Espionage, p.221, Terry Crowdy, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 9781846032172, 2008
4. ^ Sims, Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000
5. ^ White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian,p.299, Jamie Bisher, Routledge, ISBN 9780714656908, 2005
6. ^ Bisher, Jamie (2005). White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian. Routledge. p. 359. ISBN 0-714-65690-9.
7. ^ The peace conspiracy: Wang Ching-wei and the China war, 1937-1941, vol. 67, Harvard East Asian Series, The East Asian Research Center at Harvard University, Harvard University Press, 1972
8. ^ White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian,p.298, Jamie Bisher, Routledge, ISBN 978-0714656908, 2005
9. ^ Mitsui: Three Centuries of Japanese Business, pages 312-313, John G. Roberts, Weatherhill, 1991, ISBN 9780834800809
10. ^ Fairbank, J. K.; Goldman, M. (2006). China: A New History (2nd ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 320. ISBN 9780674018280.
11. ^ The Opium Empire: Japanese Imperialism and Drug Trafficking in Asia, 1895-1945, John M. Jennings, p.102, Praeger, 1997, ISBN 0275957594
12. ^ Maga, Judgment at Tokyo

Books[edit]

• Beasley, W.G. (1991). Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822168-1.
• Barrett, David (2001). Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3768-1.
• Bix, Herbert P. (2001). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-093130-2.
• Fuller, Richard (1992). Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai. London: Arms and Armor. ISBN 1-85409-151-4.
• Hayashi, Saburo; Cox, Alvin D (1959). Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Quantico, VA: The Marine Corps Association.
• Maga, Timothy P. (2001). Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2177-9.
• Minear, Richard H. (1971). Victor's Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press.
• Toland, John (1970). The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945. Random House. ISBN 0-8129-6858-1.
• Wasserstein, Bernard (1999). Secret War in Shanghai: An Untold Story of Espionage, Intrigue, and Treason in World War II. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-98537-4.

External links[edit]

• Ammenthorp, Steen. "Kenji Doihara". The Generals of World War II.
• "Scholar, Simpleton & Inflation". Time Magazine. 1932-04-25. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
• Newspaper clippings about Kenji Doihara in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

学者、傻瓜与通货膨胀

Scholar, Simpleton & Inflation

上周，中国的 "学者战神 "吴佩孚大元帅再次为慌乱的中国政府掌舵。

四年前，吴佩孚元帅进入了西藏凄凉、嚎叫的荒原（《时代》周刊，1928 年 4 月 16 日）。在那里，他在一座高山峭壁上的寺庙里创作了一部佛教诗集，用他艺术的画笔将每个人物都描绘得栩栩如生。在完成学业后，他的祖国仍然遭受着饥荒、瘟疫和战争的蹂躏，沉静的吴冠中先生又重新戴上了元帅的宝剑，从孤独的西藏回到了拥挤不堪的中国，如今他的身影又出现在了中国的舞台上。上周，在上海收到了一封来自满洲著名的马将军的电报（《时代》周刊 11 月 23 日），这封电报既是写给中国总统蒋介石的，也是写给吴大元帅的。电报称，40 多天来，马将军一直在两面三刀，其技巧和成功甚至在异教徒中国人中也是无与伦比的。

马将军被誉为 "中国的英雄"，当时他的部队对日本占领满洲进行了唯一的顽强抵抗，马将军发誓要 "誓死保卫齐齐哈尔"。他收到了来自世界各地的爱国中国人通过电报寄给他的数千美元。然后，他在日军推进之前逃跑，并以日本建立的傀儡国家 "独立满洲 "的陆军大臣的身份出现（《时代》周刊，3 月 21 日）。上周，马英九并没有从 "满洲独立 "的傀儡首都长春发出电报。相反，他前往了偏远的满洲边境城市太平湖，与苏维埃俄国隔阿穆尔河相望。在那里，他不顾电报费用的高昂，给蒋总统和吴大元帅发了 1000 多字的电报--这些电报相当于中国人对日本的威严马笑。摘录如下

"如果我在收复中国失地之前就死去，那将是我的不配。... ......我暂时与日本人混在一起，让人以为我抛弃了祖国，从而制定了从日本收复失地的计划。在与日本人接触的 40 多天里，我目睹了导致日本傀儡政府成立的种种事件......。......并了解了他们吞并满洲的所有秘密计划。

"本庄将军（日本驻满洲总司令）告诉我，日本已做好充分准备，在北方以日本陆军的全部兵力抵抗俄国，在东方以日本海军的全部兵力抵抗美国。防御日本两大潜在敌人的所有计划和方案都已制定完毕，并准备在必要时立即生效。. . .

"我，马占山，一个普通的军人，为自己的无知而羞愧。... ......各种丑闻都堆到了我的头上。我一直忍耐着中国的背叛者，但现在...... 我已经过了河，烧了我的船。除了与日本人战斗到底，我别无选择。我相信我的同胞们现在会理解我的真实自我"。

红色与扩张。尽管马将军在他自己的阐述中可能是简单而无知的。日本官员上周指控他在重新加入中国事业时骗取了日本总计 300 万美元的赠款。对于马将军电报的真实性，中国政府（将其公布为对日本的损害）和日本政府上周都没有怀疑。双方都公开承认其真实性。但时隔四天之后，苏联政府又称这份电报是假的，是日本特务所为。莫斯科的这一指控似乎是为了戳穿谣言，即马将军的实际行为是与俄国联手，接受苏联的巨额贿赂。

"日本外务省发言人说："苏俄对北满所发生的一切感到不满，我们对此视而不见是毫无意义的，北满被认为是苏俄的势力范围。我们可以理解他们看到自己在北满的统治永久消失而感到失望。我们当然无意攻击苏俄，也不相信他们会如此轻率地挑战日本"。

在日本陆军圈子里，有一种威胁战争的说法，根据报道，苏俄在海参崴附近集结了 7 万名红军士兵，并在满洲边境集结了更多的红军士兵。因此，必须有更多的日本军队驰援满洲，但犬饲喜首相的文人内阁如何支付这笔费用？日本的商业很少如此糟糕。丝绸是日本的主要出口商品，上周价格跌至新低。只剩下一个可行的办法： "控制通货膨胀"

这样的政策从来不会在大庭广众之下大肆宣扬。但当财务大臣高桥克洋在给日本媒体的一份公报中发出这样简短的警告时，日本人就知道该期待什么了： "纸币发行量不会低于目前的水平，甚至可能扩大"。

记者们非正式地被告知： "日本目前最严重的情况是，包括生丝在内的农产品价值崩溃，占日本人口一半的农民根本无力偿还银行。政府意识到农民正承受着难以承受的负担，希望通过日元贬值来减轻这一负担，但如何实现这一目标尚未决定"。

通过DeepL.com（免费版）翻译

Once again the helm of China's panicky Government was steadied last week by her "Scholar War Lord," the Great Marshal Wu Pei-fu.

Four years ago Marshal Wu went into the bleak, howling wilderness of Tibet (TIME, April, 16, 1928). There in a monastery perched on a mountain crag he composed a tome of Buddhist poems, painting each character daintily with his artful brush. This scholarly job done and his Fatherland being still stricken by famine, pestilence and war, sedate Scholar Wu buckled on again the sword of a Marshal, returned from lonely Tibet to overcrowded China and today looms potently upon the scene. Equally to President Chiang Kai-shek of China and to Marshal Wu was addressed last week a most amazing telegram received at Shanghai from Manchuria's famed General Ma (TIME, Nov. 23). For more than 40 days, according to his telegram, General Ma has been double-crossing everyone with a skill and success unrivaled even among heathen Chinese.

Acclaimed as "China's Hero" when his troops offered the only serious resistance to Japanese occupation of Manchuria, General Ma swore to defend Tsitsihar "to the Death." He received thousands of dollars cabled to him by patriotic Chinese from all over the world. Then he fled before the Japanese advance and turned up as War Minister of "Independent Manchuria," the puppet state set up by Japan (TIME, March 21). Last week War Minister Ma did not send his telegram from Changchun, the puppet capital of Independent Manchuria. Instead he traveled to the remote Manchurian frontier city of Taheiho, just across the Amur River from Soviet Russia. There, with a fine disregard of telegraph costs, he wired over 1,000 words to President Chiang and to Marshal Wu—words which amounted to a dignified Chinese horse laugh at Japan. Excerpts:

"It would have been unworthy of me to have died before China's lost lands were recovered. ... By temporarily mingling with the Japanese, letting it appear that I had deserted my fatherland, I laid plans to recover our lost territory from Japan. During more than 40 days of contact with the Japanese I witnessed the events leading to the installation of the Japanese puppet government . . . and learned all their secret plans for the annexation of Manchuria.

"General Honjo [Japanese Commander in Chief in Manchuria] told me that Japan was fully prepared to resist Russia in the north with the full strength of the Japanese army, and to resist America to the east with the full strength of the Japanese navy. All schemes and plans for defense against Japan's two major potential enemies have been worked out and are ready to be made immediately effective in case of necessity. . . .

"I, Ma Chan-shan, am a simple military man, ashamed of my ignorance. ... All kinds of scandal have been heaped on my head. I have been patient with the betrayors of China, but now ... I have crossed the river and burned my boat. I have no alternative except to fight the Japanese to the end. I trust that my fellow countrymen will now understand my true self."

Reds & Expansion. Simple and ignorant though General Ma may be in his own elaborate words. Japanese officials charged last week that he had fleeced Japan out of grants totaling $3,000,000 gold when he rejoined the Chinese cause. That General Ma's telegram was genuine neither the Chinese Government (which published it as damaging to Japan) nor the Japanese Government doubted last week. Both publicly accepted it as authentic. But the Soviet Government after a four-day interval called the telegram false, the work of Japanese agents. This charge Moscow seemed to be making to spike rumors that what General Ma had actually done was to join forces with Russia, accept fat Soviet bribes.

"It is idle to close our eyes," said the Japanese Foreign Office spokesman, "to the fact that Soviet Russia is displeased with what has happened in North Manchuria, which is considered in the Russian sphere of influence. We can understand their disappointment at seeing their domination in North Manchuria fading permanently. We certainly have no intention of attacking Soviet Russia and do not believe they are so rash as to challenge Japan."

In Japanese Army circles there was threatening War talk, based on reports that Russia had massed 70,000 Red Army soldiers near Vladivostok and more along her Manchurian frontier. Therefore more Japanese troops must be rushed into Manchuria—but how was the civilian Cabinet of Premier Ki Inukai to pay the cost? Japanese business has seldom been so bad. Silk, that leading Japanese export, slumped to a new low price last week. There remained only one more practicable move: "controlled inflation."

Such a policy is never trumpeted from housetops. But Japanese knew what to expect when Finance Minister Korekiyo Takahashi issued this terse warning in a communique to the Japanese press: "The note issue will not be contracted below the present amount and may even be expanded."

Informally correspondents were told: "The most serious feature of the situation in Japan at present is the collapse of agricultural values, including that of raw silk, to a price level at which the farmers who make up half Japan's population simply cannot repay the bankers. The Government, conscious that the farmers are laboring under an unbearable load, hopes to lighten this burden by a devalorization of the yen, but how this is to be accomplished has not been decided."