《經濟學人》 川習會將揭露一對失能的雙雄 互有軟肋並非全球領導力的替代品
本週《經濟學人》
互有軟肋並非全球領導力的替代品
The Trump-Xi summit will expose a dysfunctional duo
Mutual vulnerability is no substitute for global leadership
本週《經濟學人》
川習會將揭露一對失能的雙雄
互有軟肋並非全球領導力的替代品
有人說——尤其是唐納·川普(Donald Trump)總統常這麼說——美國與中國現在是「G2」,即領導世界的兩大超級強權。這是一個令人沮喪的想法。其中一國的領導人將盟友視為冤大頭,並正在撕毀支撐全球穩定數十年的體制;另一國則是威權政權,霸凌鄰國,並暗中煽動那些它本可協助平息的境外衝突。
更糟的是,兩國都將彼此在技術與貿易上的交集視為安全風險。因此,當川普於 5 月 14 日至 15 日在北京訪問中國最高領導人習近平時,賭注將異常巨大。這是在 2026 年底前預計進行的四次會面中的首次。未來的六個月可能會塑造未來數年的關係,其影響範圍涵蓋從人工智慧(AI)、供應鏈到台灣與伊朗等問題。
兩國政府間的緊張關係如此之深,期待突破未免過於天真。若川普與習近平能多一點手腕與謙遜,或許能避開最具破壞性的衝突,並在互利互惠的領域開展合作。令人不安的是,這一切很大程度上取決於川普,他在稱呼習近平為「親愛的朋友」與「敵人」之間反覆橫跳。習近平的觀點則較為固定,而這本身也是個問題:他深信美國正在衰落,且世界應當向崛起的中國低頭。
北京會談的重點將是貿易。近十年來,兩國一直陷入斷斷續續的貿易戰。2025 年初,隨著雙方將關稅提高到 100% 以上,全面破裂似乎不可避免。自那以後,雙方降低了關稅,有些人稱之為休戰,但這其實是一種「互有軟肋的僵局」。中國可以透過切斷稀土供應來癱瘓全球工業;美國則能對高科技產品與金融流動祭出毀滅性制裁。
這種僵局並不穩定。當美國致力於打破中國對稀土的壟斷時,中國正全力支持半導體生產,並試圖擺脫對美元的依賴。目前,高峰會若能讓雙方承諾「保持可預測性」,就算是不錯的成果。川普對關稅的迷信使得減稅變得不切實際,但維持現狀至少能讓企業繼續經營。美國人想要成立一個「貿易委員會」來管理兩國商業,這將顯得笨重且對美國「再工業化」助益甚微。建立定期對話機制會是更好的選擇。
一個明顯的風險是誤判。美國貿易官員正在調查中國的產能過剩與強迫勞動問題,這可能成為數月內加徵關稅的藉口。5 月 2 日,中國部署了一項「阻斷措施」,威脅要懲罰遵守美國特定制裁的企業。中國還威脅要對付那些將供應鏈移往他國的公司——而這正是美國所敦促的。因此,北京正設定一場不以法律為基礎,而以權力為基礎的合規測試。全球企業的高階主管必須選擇他們更害怕哪一個政府。
美國談判代表將高峰會的準備工作聚焦於貿易而非安全。但中方在美國總統的不可預測性中看到了機會。他們可能是對的。正如中國幕僚不敢反駁習近平一樣,白宮官員在所有涉華事務(包括台灣問題)上都順從川普。
川普可能認為他在台灣問題上採取軟化態度就能降溫。中國官員暗示,他在台灣問題上退讓越多,中國在貿易上的讓步就越多。他們希望川普削減對台軍售,或表態反對台獨。他不應上鉤。 出賣一個民主夥伴是錯誤的,而危及世界核心晶片製造商則是魯莽的。此外,即便習近平絕不會承認,現行的安排是行得通的:台灣繁榮、中國崛起、亞洲大致和平。
此外,世界還面臨其他緊迫的安全疑慮。美國攻擊伊朗是一個戰略失誤,而中國一直樂於看著美國自食其果。中國現在開始涉足外交,本週會見了伊朗外長。中國應對伊朗政權施壓促其談判,或提供安全保證以誘使其放棄核計劃,但中國對涉入境外爛攤子的「過敏」使其止步不前。而且,無論中國認為自己在伊朗問題上佔據什麼道德制高點,都因其採購俄羅斯瓦斯並出售軍民兩用技術,協助普丁(Vladimir Putin)在烏克蘭作戰而大打折扣。川普應敦促習近平利用對莫斯科的影響力協助結束烏克蘭戰爭,然而,這在他們的討論中幾乎不會被提及。
真正的政治家還會處理許多其他事務。美中企業都處於 AI 前沿,因此兩國政府應在生物安全等風險管理上發揮領導作用。氣候變遷曾是罕見的合作領域,現在卻成了盲點,因為川普政府迴避所有全球暖化政策。而曾經例行化的流行病預防合作也變得充滿火藥味,因為中國不喜歡被質疑新冠病毒是否從武漢實驗室洩漏。
懷念冷戰
超級大國不需要成為朋友也能談判。在冷戰高峰期,美國與蘇聯曾就核武、太空科學、歐洲邊界與癌症研究達成協議。美國與中國的商業聯繫比當年與蘇聯的聯繫要緊密得多。遺憾的是,兩位領導人都認為合作是一個陷阱,規則可能會被對方強加於己。這種邏輯使得「主導權」成為首要任務,而非全球公共利益。
因此,這次高峰會除了強擠出的笑容外,可能收效甚微。這種野心的缺失令人不安。雙方的幕僚辯稱至少他們還在對談,但若要讓合作在川普任期之後持續下去,他們需要見到成果。現實情況是,唯一讓美中留在談判桌上的,是害怕對方能對自己造成的經濟傷害。這對 G2 並非在領導世界,而是在挾持世界。 ■
翻譯成中文 The Economist this week The Trump-Xi summit will expose a dysfunctional duo Mutual vulnerability is no substitute for global leadership ------------------- IT IS SOMETIMES said, not least by President Donald Trump, that America and China are now the G2, a duo of superpowers leading the world. That is a grim thought. One has a leader who treats allies like patsies and is ripping apart the institutions that underpinned global stability for decades. The other has an authoritarian regime that bullies its neighbours and is quietly stoking foreign conflicts it could help defuse. Worse, the two countries treat their mutual entanglements on technology and trade as security risks. So the stakes will be huge when Mr Trump visits Xi Jinping, China’s paramount leader, in Beijing on May 14th and 15th, the first of four expected meetings before the end of 2026. The coming six months could shape ties for years, with consequences from artificial intelligence (AI) to supply chains and Taiwan to Iran. Tensions between the two governments run so deep that it would be naive to expect a breakthrough. Had they more skill and humility, Mr Trump and Mr Xi could head off the most harmful conflicts and find areas where they could work together for everyone’s benefit. It is unsettling that so much will come down to Mr Trump, who has veered between calling Mr Xi a dear friend and a foe. Mr Xi’s views are more settled, which is its own problem: he is convinced America is declining and that the world should bend to a rising China. The talks in Beijing will focus on trade. For nearly a decade the countries have been locked in an on-again, off-again trade war. At the start of 2025 a full-blown rupture seemed inevitable as they jacked up tariffs on each other to more than 100%. Since then, they have lowered tariffs in what some call a truce, but is really a stalemate of mutual vulnerability. China can throttle global industry by choking off rare earths; America can wield devastating sanctions on high-tech goods and financial flows. This stalemate is unstable. As America vies to break China’s grip on rare earths, China is backing semiconductor production and trying to free itself from the dollar. For now, a good result from the summit would be for the two to promise to be predictable. Mr Trump’s misplaced faith in tariffs makes cuts unrealistic, but holding them at current levels would at least let firms get on with business. The Americans want a Board of Trade to manage commerce between the two countries. That would be unwieldy and would do little to re-industrialise America. A mechanism for regular dialogue would be better. An obvious risk is miscalculation. American trade officials are investigating industrial overcapacity and forced labour in China, which may be an excuse to impose higher tariffs within months. On May 2nd China deployed a “blocking measure” that threatens financial punishment against firms that comply with certain American sanctions. China has also threatened to go after companies that shift supply chains to other countries, precisely what America is urging. Beijing is thus setting up a test of compliance grounded not in law but power. Global executives must choose which government they fear more. American negotiators have kept the summit’s lead-up focused on trade, not security. But the Chinese spot an opportunity in the American president’s unpredictability. They may be right. Just as Chinese advisers are afraid to contradict Mr Xi, so officials in the White House defer to Mr Trump on all things China, including Taiwan. And it is there Mr Trump may think he can lower the temperature by going soft. Chinese officials hint that the more he bends on Taiwan, the more China will give on trade. They hope he might cut arms sales to the island or say he is against Taiwanese independence. He should not take the bait. It would be wrong to sell out a democratic partner and reckless to endanger the world’s essential chipmaker. Besides, the current arrangement works, even if Mr Xi would never admit it: Taiwan is prosperous, China ascendant, Asia mostly peaceful. Moreover, the world faces other pressing security concerns. For America to attack Iran was a strategic blunder, and China has been content to let it reap what it has sown. China has now begun to dabble in diplomacy, meeting Iran’s foreign minister this week. It should press the Iranian regime to negotiate; or tempt it to give up its nuclear programme with the offer of security guarantees, but its allergy to foreign messes holds it back. And whatever moral high ground China thinks it holds on Iran is undercut by its role enabling Vladimir Putin to fight in Ukraine, by buying Russia’s gas and selling dual-use technology. Mr Trump should press Mr Xi to use his weight in Moscow to help end the Ukraine war. Instead, it will barely figure in their discussions. True statesmen would also find much else to deal with. American and Chinese companies are at the frontier of AI. Their governments should therefore be leading on its risks, such as biosecurity. Climate, once a rare area of co-operation, will be a blind spot because the Trump administration shuns all policy on global warming. And joint work on pandemic prevention, once routine, has become fraught because China dislikes questions about whether the covid-19 virus leaked from a Wuhan laboratory. Pining for the cold war The superpowers need not be friends to talk about all this. At the height of the cold war, America and the Soviet Union hammered out deals over nuclear arms, science in space, borders in Europe and cancer research. America’s commercial ties to China are far tighter than its ties to the Soviets ever were. Alas, the two leaders both think that co-operation is a trap in which rules could be foisted on them by the other side. That logic makes dominance the priority, not global public goods. So the summit will probably yield little besides forced smiles. Such a lack of ambition is troubling. Advisers on both sides argue that at least they are talking, yet to sustain co-operation beyond the Trump administration, they need results. Instead, the only thing keeping America and China at the table is fear of the economic damage each can inflict on the other. The G2 is not leading the world so much as holding it to ransom. ■
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