Disorienting Encounters
Travels of a Moroccan Scholar in France in 1845-1846. The Voyage of Muhammad As-Saffar
Muhammed As-Saffar
Herausgegeben von: Susan Gilson Miller
Band 14 der Reihe Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies
https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520911413
迷失方向的邂逅
1845-1846 年摩洛哥學者在法國的旅行。Muhammad As-Saffar 的旅程
穆罕默德-阿斯-薩法爾
作者: Susan Gilson Miller
穆斯林社會的比較研究》第 14 冊
https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520911413
1845 年 12 月，穆罕默德·阿斯-薩法爾 (Muhammad as-Saffar) 受摩洛哥蘇丹派遣前往巴黎執行特別外交任務。旅途中，薩法爾認真做了筆記，回來後匆匆寫下了這篇遊記。
為什麼蘇丹、先知穆罕默德的後裔、統治摩洛哥兩百多年的王朝元首如此渴望閱讀這篇報導？也許他認為這會闡明一些令人不安的問題：
法國人如何獲得他們的力量和對大自然的掌控；
他們如何過日常生活、教育孩子、對待婦女和僕人。
簡而言之，
蘇丹想了解法國文明的狀況以及為什麼它與他的文明不同。阿斯-薩法爾給了答案。
此外，當我們讀到這篇報導時，穆罕默德·薩法爾對我們來說是活生生的。我們看到他思考女性之美，在儀式性的沐浴中扭曲，並在無休止的晚餐中感到無聊。他的觀點和想法滲透到每一頁。對他來說，這趟旅程不僅僅是一系列的好奇心；這是一次轉變的經驗。鑑於我們對當時的了解非常有限，也缺乏其他同樣清晰的聲音，這篇遊記擴大了我們對十九世紀摩洛哥和法國之間關係的理解。
Ouvrez un guide de voyage; vous y trouverez d'ordinaire un petit lexique, mais ce lexique portera bizarrement sur des choses ennuyeuses et inutiles: la douane, la poste, l'hôtel, le coiffeur, le médecin, les prix. Cependant, qu'est ce que voyager? Rencontrer. Le seul lexique important est celui du rendez-vous.
Open a travel guide: usually you will find a brief lexicon which strangely enough concerns only certain boring and useless things: customs, mail, the hotel, the barber, the doctor, prices. Yet what is traveling? Meetings. The only lexicon that counts is the one which refers to the rendezvous.
ROLAND BARTHES Empire of Signs
翻開旅遊指南，您會找到一本小冊子，但這本小冊子卻詭異地涉及到一些令人厭惡和無聊的事情：旅館、郵局、旅店、髮型師、醫生、價格。但是，什麼才是旅行？尋找。Le seul lexique important est celui du rendez-vous。
打開旅遊指南：通常您會發現一個簡短的詞彙，但奇怪的是，它只涉及某些無聊且無用的東西：海關、郵件、旅館、理髮師、醫生、價格。然而旅行是什麼？會議。唯一重要的詞彙是關於約會的詞彙。
羅蘭-巴特斯（ROLAND BARTHES） 《標誌帝國
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
Preface
Abbreviations
Introduction
The Text
1 Prologue
2 Our Journey by Land from Marseille to Paris
3 The City of Paris
4 Their Food and Customs at the Table
5 Our Stay in This City
6 Epilogue
Sources and Selected Bibliography
Index of Names and Subjects
Index of Arabic Terms
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
MAP
Muhammad aş-Şaffar's Journey from Tetuan to Paris in 1845
PLATES
1. The Prologue of the manuscript
2. Portrait of the Ambassador, Hajj 'Abd al-Qadir Ash'ash
3. The house of Governor Ash'ash at the port of Martil
4. Presentation of gifts from the Sultan to Louis-Philippe
5. A Barbary sheep given to the Jardin des Plantes
6. The house of Governor Ash'ash in Tetuan
7. The Moroccan suite on board the Météore
8. An invitation to a spectacle at the Royal Palace
9. The military review on the Champ-de-Mars
FIGURES
1. An experiment with sound waves
2. The telegraph
目 录
插图目录
前言
缩略语
导言
正文
1 序言
2 我们从马赛到巴黎的陆路之旅
3 巴黎城市
4 餐桌上的食物和习俗
5 我们在这座城市的逗留
6 后记
资料来源和书目选编
人名和主题索引
阿拉伯语术语索引
插图列表
地图
地圖：穆罕默德-阿什-沙法尔 1845 年从德图恩到巴黎的旅程
图版
1. 手稿序言
2. 大使 Hajj 'Abd al-Qadir Ash'ash 的肖像
3. 阿什什总督在马蒂尔港的宅邸
4. 苏丹向路易-菲利普赠送礼物
5. 送给植物园的巴巴利羊
6. 阿什阿什总督在德图恩的宅邸
7. Météore 号船上的摩洛哥套房
8. 应邀参加王宫表演
9. 香榭丽舍大街上的军事检阅
图
1. 声波实验
2. 电报机
PREFACE
The Royal Palace archives in Rabat, Morocco, contain the state papers of the reigning 'Alawite dynasty, the family of the present King Hasan II. Included in the collection are documents and man- uscripts of an extraordinary variety and richness dating from earliest Islamic times. The mass of material is now in the process of being catalogued, but the most infallible bibliographical guide to it is still the personal knowledge of a few distinguished Moroccan scholars. Among them is Si Muhammad al-Manūnī, who pointed out to me some years ago the existence of a newly rediscovered nineteenth- century manuscript entitled "The Voyage of the Scholar Sid Mu- hammad b. Abd Allah aş-Şaffar to France as Secretary to the Ambassador al-Hajj 'Abd al-Qadir Ash'ash of Tetuan."
前言
摩洛哥拉巴特王宫档案馆藏有现任国王哈桑二世家族在位的阿拉维王朝的国家文件。 馆藏中的文件和手稿种类繁多，内容丰富，可追溯到伊斯兰时代早期。 大量资料目前正在编目过程中，但最可靠的书目指南仍然是几位杰出的摩洛哥学者的个人知识。 其中包括 Si Muhammad al-Manūnī，他几年前向我指出了一份新近重新发现的十九世纪手稿，题为 "学者 Sid Mu-hammad b. Abd Allah aş-Şaffar 作为德图安大使 al-Hajj 'Abd al-Qadir Ash'ash 的秘书前往法国的旅程"。
The manuscript was 139 pages in length, each page 21.5 cm long and 17 cm wide, containing twenty-one lines of text, and written in careful Maghribi script. It was not signed, nor was the name of the author mentioned in the opening lines, where authorship is custom- arily claimed. But internal evidence, the testimony of Moroccan scholars, and a comparison of the handwriting with other docu- ments bearing his signature confirmed that the author was Muhammad aş-Şaffar and the manuscript was indeed an autograph. No other copies have been found, nor has the account ever been edited or published in full, either in Arabic or in any other language.
手稿长 139 页，每页长 21.5 厘米，宽 17 厘米，包含 21 行文字，用马格里布体书写。 手稿上没有署名，开头几行也没有提到作者姓名，而作者姓名通常是在开头几行中标明的。 但内部证据、摩洛哥学者的证词以及将笔迹与其他带有作者签名的文件进行比较后证实，作者是穆罕默德-阿斯-沙法尔，手稿确实是亲笔签名。 没有发现其他副本，也没有用阿拉伯语或任何其他语言编辑或出版过该记述的全文。
The subject matter is the report of a journey made by the author to Paris in December 1845 as secretary to the Ambassador 'Abd al- Qadir ash'ash, who was sent by the reigning Moroccan Sultan 'Abd ar-Rahman on a special diplomatic mission. During the jour- ney, as-Saffar took careful notes; when he returned home, he wrote his account, probably at the urging of Ash'ash, who was respond- ing to a royal request. Aş-Şaffar was a professional scribe, and the manuscript is written in a fluid and elegant hand; only toward the end, as he hurried to finish, did he leave signs of his haste in crossed- out words. Evidence of his aesthetic concern are the ornamental chapter headings and paragraphs that begin with large and decora- tive letters. There are also subject headings in the margins to guide the reader, and in two places the author drew little explanatory sketches which are to be found in the edited text.
该书的主题是作者 1845 年 12 月作为阿卜杜勒-卡迪尔-阿什阿什大使的秘书前往巴黎的旅行报告，阿卜杜勒-卡迪尔-阿什阿什大使是在位的摩洛哥苏丹阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼派来执行特别外交任务的。 在旅途中，阿斯-萨法尔做了认真的记录；回国后，他写下了自己的叙述，这可能是在阿什阿什的怂恿下进行的，因为阿什阿什是在回应王室的请求。 阿斯-萨法尔是一名专业抄写员，手稿的书写流畅而优雅；只有到最后，他匆忙完成时，才在划掉的字上留下匆忙的痕迹。 他对美学的关注体现在装饰性的章节标题和以装饰性大字开头的段落。 此外，页边还有主题标题为读者提供指导，作者还在两处绘制了解释性的小草图，这些草图可在编辑后的文本中找到。
The manuscript is divided into six sections, beginning with a prologue and ending with an epilogue. Between are four chapters on different subjects. The formal structure of aş-Şaffar's travel account, or rihla, teflects the order of "classic" works in this genre, as well as more modern elements. In 1834, the Takhlis al-ibrasiz fi talkhiş Bārīz of the Egyptian Rifa'a Rafi at-Tahtawi, who spent five years in Paris, was published at Bulaq, Egypt. Both the contents and the arrangement of the Takhliş greatly influenced aş-Şaffär. But Muhammad aş-Şaffar was no mere imitator. An accomplished man of letters, he embellished his account with original observations, poetry, quotations from the Koran and Hadith (traditions about the Prophet), proverbs, jokes, anecdotes, and other Arabic literary flourishes that mark it as the work of a cultivated scholar. Attempt- ing to identify the sources on which he drew has been one of the most demanding editorial aspects of the project. Muhammad aş- Şaffar tells us that finishing the manuscript was an ordeal that occupied him for several months. Translating and unraveling the knots in his text has been a challenge that has taken me more than a few years.
手稿分为六个部分，以序言开始，以尾声结束。 中间有四章，主题各不相同。 阿斯-沙法尔的游记（或称里赫拉）的形式结构反映了这一体裁中 "经典 "作品的顺序以及更现代的元素。 1834 年，在巴黎生活了五年的埃及人拉菲-塔赫塔维（Rafa'a Rafi at-Tahtawi）的《Takhlis al-ibrasiz fi talkhiş Bārīz》在埃及布拉格出版。 Takhliş 的内容和编排都对 aş-Şaffär 产生了很大影响。 但穆罕默德-阿什-沙法尔并非单纯的模仿者。 作为一个有成就的文学家，他用原创的观察、诗歌、《古兰经》和《圣训》（关于先知的传统）中的引文、谚语、笑话、轶事以及其他阿拉伯语文学装饰来美化他的叙述，使其成为一个有修养的学者的作品。 试图确定穆罕默德-阿什-伊斯-穆罕默德的资料来源是该项目最艰巨的编辑工作之一。 穆罕默德-阿什-沙法尔告诉我们，完成这部手稿是一场折磨，耗费了他几个月的时间。 翻译和解开他文字中的疙瘩是一项挑战，我花了几年多的时间。
The work was first presented as a doctoral dissertation to the Department of History at the University of Michigan in 1976. Then it rested on my shelf for years, until colleagues urged me to publish it. The present version represents a revision of the original transla- tion, augmented with much additional material and a new intro- duction.
1976 年，这部作品首次作为博士论文提交给密歇根大学历史系。 之后，它在我的书架上搁置了多年，直到同事们敦促我出版它。 现在的版本是对原译本的修订，增加了许多补充材料和新的引言。
註解
1. See the series Fahāris al-khizāna al-malakiya (Rabat, 1980-), especially vol. 1. Fihris qism at-tärikh wa-kutub ar-rihlat, ed. Muhammad 'Abd Alläh Inan (Rabat, 1980), pp. 427-58. Documents from these archives are pub- lished in the series Al-Watha'iq: Majmu'at wathā'iqiya dawriya tuşaddiruha mudiriya al-watha'iq al-malakiya, ed. Abd al-Wahab Bin Manşür, 7 vols. (Rabat, 1976-89).
2. Included in a "collection," or majmű'a. BGR #113.
3. A summary and brief sections of aş-Şaffar's account appear in Mu- hammad Dawud's Tārīkh Titwan (TT), vol. 3 (Tetuan, 1962), pp. 297-309, 391-92. Excerpts are in Muhammad al-'Arabī al-Khattabī, "Mushāhadāt diblūmāsī maghribi fi Fransă fi ahd al-Mawlay 'Abd ar-Rahman b. Hi- sham," Da'wat al-Haqq 263 (March 1987): 19-29; 264 (April-May 1987):
36-48.
4. The edition used in preparing this study is Al-a'mal al-kāmila li-Rifa'a
Rafi at-Tahtawi, ed. Muhammad Amara, part 2: As-siyāsa...wal-waza-
niya wat-tarbiya (Beirut, 1973), pp. 9-266. A French translation is An-
ouar Louca, L'or de Paris: Relation de voyage, 1826-1831 (Paris, 1988).
注解
1. 见 Fahāris al-khizāna al-malakiya 系列（拉巴特，1980-），尤其是第 1 卷。 Fihris qism at-tärikh wa-kutub ar-rihlat，ed. Muhammad 'Abd Alläan，eds. Muhammad 'Abd Alläh Inan（拉巴特，1980 年），第 427-58 页。 这些档案中的文件已在 Al-Watha'iq 系列中出版： Majmu'at wathā'iqiya dawriya tuşaddiruha mudiriya al-watha'iq al-malakiya，ed. Abd al-Wahab Bin Manş Manş，eds. Abd al-Wahab Bin Manşür，7 卷（拉巴特，1976-89 年）。
2. 收录于 "文集 "或 majmű'a。 BGR #113.
3. 3. aş-Şaffar 记述的摘要和简短部分载于 Mu- hammad Dawud 的 Tārīkh Titwan (TT)，第 3 卷（Tetuan，1962 年），第 297-309 页，第 391-92 页。 摘录于 Muhammad al-'Arabī al-Khattabī，"Mushāhadāt diblūmāsī maghribi fi Fransă fi ahd al-Mawlay 'Abd ar-Rahman b. Hi- sham"，Da'wat al-Haqq 263（1987 年 3 月）： 19-29；264（1987 年 4-5 月）：
36-48.
4. 编写本研究报告时使用的版本是 Al-a'mal al-kāmila li-Rifa'a
Rafi at-Tahtawi 编辑。 穆罕默德-阿马拉，第 2 部分：As-siyāsa...wal-waza-
niya wat-tarbiya》（贝鲁特，1973 年），第 9-266 页。 法文译本为 An-
ouar Louca, L'or de Paris： Relation de voyage, 1826-1831》（巴黎，1988 年）。
The Translation
The translation is as literal as possible without sacrificing intelligi- bility and good sense. The entire text has been translated; the sole omission is on pages 128-35 of the manuscript, in which the expen- ditures listed in the French National Budget of 1846 are copied into Arabic. The rest is translated following aş-Şaffar's direct, narrative style, interrupted now and then by the ornamental rhyming prose technique known as saj. I have tried to convey the opulent flavor of the rhymed prose, without actually reproducing the rhyme. The same is true of the poetry, often skipped in translations. I have trans- lated all of it, in the belief that the poetry serves as a vehicle for bringing the feeling and opinions of the author into sharper focus. The system of transliteration used is that of the International Jour- nal of Middle Eastern Studies, with the modification that the consonant of the definite article has been assimilated to the "sun-letters" (e.g., "aş-Şaffar" rather than "al-Şaffar") to help the non-Arabic speaker with pronunciation. There are many foreign words in the text, which are transcribed and explained in the notes. Some of these words, particularly those of Spanish origin, were already in use in Morocco; others were new, and were vocalized and pointed in the text by the author, making it easier for his readers to pro- nounce them. Many French place names appear, and on the whole were easy to identify. They have been rendered as they appear in a standard gazetteer, relying on the National Geographic Atlas of the World (1981 ed.) as a guide. Likewise, the names of Moroccan towns and other geographical locations are presented in standard English orthography: thus "Tetuan," rather than "Tetouan" or "Tittawin." Some Arabic terms have already passed into English, like "ulema" and "caliph," and they appear in that form here. Interpolated words have been inserted in square brackets [], but only in cases where absolutely essential for clarity; such insertions have been kept to a minimum. Text in parentheses () is found in the original; the pa- rentheses are used in the translation to convey what seems to be an aside of the author.
译文
译文尽量从字面上翻译，但又不失通俗易懂。 全文均已译出；唯一遗漏的是手稿的第 128-35 页，其中将 1846 年法国国家预算中列出的支出抄成了阿拉伯文。 其余部分均按照阿斯-沙法尔直接叙述的风格翻译，不时被称为 "saj "的装饰性押韵散文技巧打断。 我试图传达押韵散文的华丽韵味，但实际上并没有再现押韵。 诗歌也是如此，在翻译中经常被跳过。 我将其全部转译，因为我相信，诗歌可以作为一种载体，使作者的感情和观点更加鲜明。 所使用的音译系统是《中东研究国际期刊》的系统，但将定冠词的辅音同化为 "太阳字母"（例如，"aş-Şaffar "而不是 "al-Şaffar"），以帮助非阿拉伯语使用者掌握发音。 文本中有许多外来词，注释中对其进行了转录和解释。 其中一些单词，尤其是源自西班牙的单词，在摩洛哥早已使用；另一些单词则是新词，作者在文中对其进行了发声和指正，使读者更容易读出这些单词。 书中还出现了许多法国地名，总体上很容易辨认。 这些地名以《国家地理世界地图册》（1981 年版）为指南，按照标准地名录中的名称进行了标注。 同样，摩洛哥城镇和其他地理位置的名称也以标准英语正字法表示：因此是 "Tetuan"，而不是 "Tetouan "或 "Tittawin"。 有些阿拉伯语术语已经传入英语，如 "ulema"（乌里玛）和 "caliph"（哈里发），在此也以这种形式出现。 方括号[]中插入了插词，但只有在绝对必要的情况下才会为了清晰起见而插入；此类插入已保持在最低限度。 括号（）中的文字见于原文；译文中使用括号是为了表达作者的旁观之意。
Acknowledgments
It is a pleasure to recall the many friends and colleagues who have helped me along the way.
Foremost among them are the Moroccan scholars who showed me so much patience, generosity, and good will. I have already mentioned Si Muhammad al-Manūnī, eminent historian and bibliographer, who not only pointed out the manuscript to me, but directed me to other valuable sources. The then director of the Palace Library, the late Hajj Muhammad Dawud, author of the monumental Tarikh Titwan, lent me parts of his work then in manuscript form, along with his unsurpassed knowledge of Tetuan history. The Royal Historian, 'Abd al-Wahab Bin Manşür, has been exceedingly helpful over the years, and his contributions have greatly enriched this study. The Hajj Muhammad at-Titwānī of Salé, now deceased, spent many hours with me discussing Muham- mad aş-Şaffar and men like him, and served as a model of what it means to be a faqih, a religious scholar. My acquaintance with these learned gentlemen is the foundation on which this project was built.
Research in the Moroccan libraries would not have been possible without the help of Mehdi Dellero, former director of the Tetuan Library, Mohamed Ben Sherifa, director of the Bibliothèque Générale in Rabat, and the director of the Hasaniya Library, Mu- hammad al-'Arabī al-Khațțābī. I also wish to thank the descendent of Muhammad aş-Şaffar, Si Abd as-Salām aş-Şaffar of Tetuan, who gave me copies of important family documents, and 'Abd al- Qadir ar-Razīnī (Erzini) of Tangier, who also lent me material. I am also grateful to the staff of the reading room at the Ministry of For- eign Affairs in Paris for their help in locating the French sources used in this study.
致谢
很高兴能回忆起一路上帮助过我的许多朋友和同事。
其中最重要的是摩洛哥学者，他们对我表现出了极大的耐心、慷慨和善意。 我已经提到了著名的历史学家和文献学家西-穆罕默德-马努尼，他不仅为我指出了手稿，还指导我找到了其他有价值的资料。 当时的皇宫图书馆馆长、已故的哈吉-穆罕默德-达乌德（Hajj Muhammad Dawud）是不朽的《塔里赫-提特万》（Tarikh Titwan）的作者，他将他的部分手稿作品以及他对德图恩历史的渊博知识借给了我。 皇家历史学家阿卜杜勒-瓦哈卜-本-曼苏尔多年来一直给予我极大的帮助，他的贡献极大地丰富了这项研究。 现已逝世的萨莱的穆罕默德-阿提瓦尼朝觐者花了很多时间与我讨论穆罕默德-阿斯-沙法尔和他这样的人，他是宗教学者法齐赫的典范。 我与这些学识渊博的先生们的相识是本项目的基础。
如果没有德图安图书馆前馆长迈赫迪-德莱罗（Mehdi Dellero）、拉巴特总图书馆馆长穆罕默德-本-谢里法（Mohamed Ben Sherifa）和哈桑尼亚图书馆馆长穆罕默德-阿拉比-卡哈țțābī的帮助，我不可能在摩洛哥图书馆进行研究。 我还要感谢穆罕默德-阿斯-沙法尔的后裔、德图恩的西阿卜德-阿斯-萨拉姆-阿斯-沙法尔（Si Abd as-Salām aş-Şaffar ）和丹吉尔的阿卜德-卡迪尔-拉齐尼（埃尔齐尼），他们给了我重要家族文件的副本，他们还借给我资料。 我还要感谢巴黎外交部阅览室的工作人员，他们帮助我找到了本研究中使用的法文资料。
The first stage of this research was carried out under the auspices of a Fulbright-Hays Graduate Fellowship, and a grant from the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Michigan. Revisions were carried out with help from the National Endow- ment for the Humanities, and a grant from the Social Science Research Council. This past year of writing has taken place in the congenial surroundings of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University, where I was able to discuss my work with a stimulating group of colleagues. I want to express particular thanks to Roy Mottahedeh, whose knowledge of the medieval sources was freely shared with me. My sessions with the Iranian scholar Ahmad Mahdavi-Damghani, an expert on classical Arabic literature, greatly helped me in understanding the meaning of the verses in the text.
Other friends must also be mentioned. My teachers at Michigan, Richard P. Mitchell and Ernest Abdel-Massih, both of whom regrettably passed away before their time, made an indelible imprint on me, the first shaping my historical sense, the second introducing me to Moroccan Arabic. Kenneth Brown of Manchester Univer- sity was the first to urge me to work on this topic. In Morocco, Kenneth Sinclair-Loutit extended to me the hospitality of his home and library, and Mbaraka Bint al-'Arabī Bin Zarwal advanced my studies of the dialect while providing love and sustenance to my children. The thesis version of this book was typed with patience and care by Sadie C. Miller. Revisions were undertaken with the encouragement of Norman Stillman, Henry Munson, Jr., and Wil Rollman, among others; each represents a standard of scholarship on Morocco worthy of emulation. The book was read in draft by Dale Eickelman and Barbara Metcalf, and the final version benefited from their appraisal. At the UC Press, Lynne Withey deftly guided me on my first voyage in book publishing, Rose Anne White su- pervised the editing with finesse, and Orin Gensler proved a metic- ulous and scholarly editor. At the Harvard College Library, my friend Fawzi Abdulrazak generously directed me to sources, and helped me solve several difficulties in the translation. Annelise Martin graciously gave computer advice, Jamil Simon did the pho- tography work, and Robert Smith Shea, former director of the Tan- gier American Legation Museum, allowed me to reproduce paint- ings from the Angus Collection. While all of the above contributed to the making of this work, I alone am responsible for the final product. I am grateful to all of you.
S.G.M.
September 1990
这项研究的第一阶段是在富布赖特-海斯研究生奖学金和密歇根大学中东研究中心的资助下进行的。 在国家人文基金会和社会科学研究理事会的资助下，对该书进行了修订。 过去一年的写作是在哈佛大学中东研究中心舒适的环境中进行的，在那里我能够与一群令人振奋的同事讨论我的工作。 我要特别感谢罗伊-莫塔赫德（Roy Mottahedeh），他与我无私地分享了中世纪资料的知识。 我与伊朗学者艾哈迈德-马赫达维-达姆加尼（Ahmad Mahdavi-Damghani）--一位研究阿拉伯古典文学的专家--进行的讨论极大地帮助我理解了文本中诗句的含义。
其他朋友也不得不提。 我在密歇根的老师理查德-米切尔（Richard P. Mitchell）和欧内斯特-阿卜杜勒-马西（Ernest Abdel-Massih）都遗憾地提前去世了，他们给我留下了不可磨灭的印记，前者塑造了我的历史感，后者则向我介绍了摩洛哥阿拉伯语。 曼彻斯特大学的肯尼思-布朗（Kenneth Brown）是第一个敦促我从事这一课题研究的人。 在摩洛哥，肯尼思-辛克莱-卢蒂特（Kenneth Sinclair-Loutit）用他的家和图书馆款待了我，姆巴拉卡-宾特-阿拉比-本-扎瓦尔（Mbaraka Bint al-'Arabī Bin Zarwal）在给我的孩子们提供爱和营养的同时，也促进了我对方言的研究。 本书的论文版由 Sadie C. Miller 耐心细致地打字完成。 在诺曼-斯蒂尔曼（Norman Stillman）、小亨利-蒙森（Henry Munson）和威尔-罗尔曼（Wil Rollman）等人的鼓励下进行了修订；他们都代表着摩洛哥值得效仿的学术标准。 戴尔-艾克尔曼和芭芭拉-梅特卡夫阅读了本书的初稿，最终版本得益于他们的评价。 在加州大学出版社，林恩-维希（Lynne Withey）巧妙地指导了我的首次图书出版之旅，罗斯-安妮-怀特（Rose Anne White）细腻地进行了编辑工作，奥林-根斯勒（Orin Gensler）则是一位一丝不苟的学者型编辑。 在哈佛大学图书馆，我的朋友法齐-阿卜杜勒拉扎克（Fawzi Abdulrazak）慷慨地指导我查找资料，并帮助我解决了翻译中的几个难题。 安妮莉斯-马丁（Annelise Martin）慷慨地为我提供了电脑方面的建议，贾米尔-西蒙（Jamil Simon）负责了照片的拍摄工作，坦吉尔美国公使馆博物馆前馆长罗伯特-史密斯-谢（Robert Smith Shea）允许我复制安格斯收藏的绘画作品。 虽然上述所有人都为这部作品的创作做出了贡献，但最终的成品只有我一个人负责。 我感谢你们所有人。
S.G.M.
1990 年 9 月
ABBREVIATIONS
AAE
Archives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères, Paris and Nantes (MDM = Mémoires et documents, Maroc; CPM = Correspondance politique, Maroc; ADM = Af- faires diverses, Maroc)
ADM See AAE
AM
Archives marocaines
AN
Archives Nationales, Paris
APT
Archives du Port de Toulon
BGR
Bibliothèque Générale, Rabat
BRR
Bibliothèque Royale, Rabat (Hasaniya Archives)
BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
CPM See AAE
DAR
Direction des Archives Royales, Rabat
Dozy
R. Dozy, Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes, 2 vols., Paris, 1967
ΕΙ
Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st and 2nd editions
FO
Records of the Foreign Office, Public Record Office, London
GAL
Carl Brockelmann, Geshichte der arabischen Litteratur (GAL), 2 vols., Leiden, 1943-49; Supplementbände (S), 3 vols, Leiden, 1937-42
H-T
Hespéris-Tamuda
Harrell
R. Harrell et al., A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: Arabic- English, Washington, D.C., 1966
Hesp.
IB
MDM See AAE
MM
RA
RMM Revue du monde musulman
S See GAL
SEI
TT
Abbreviations
Hespéris
H. A. R. Gibb, ed., The Travels of Ibn Battuta, 3 vols., The Hakluyt Society, Cambridge, 1958
Archives du Ministère de la Marine, Achives Nationales, Paris
Revue africaine
Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam
Muhammad Dawud, Tārīkh Titwân, 8 vols., Tetuan, 1959-79
简称
AAE
外交部档案馆，巴黎和南特（MDM = Mémoires et documents, Maroc；CPM = Correspondance politique, Maroc；ADM = Af- faires diverses, Maroc）
ADM 见 AAE
AM
摩洛哥档案馆
AN
巴黎国家档案馆
APT
土伦港档案馆
BGR
拉巴特总图书馆
BRR
拉巴特皇家图书馆（哈桑尼亚档案馆）
BSOAS 《东方和非洲研究学院公报
CPM 见 AAE
DAR
皇家档案局，拉巴特
多兹
R. Dozy, Supplément aux dictionarynaires arabes, 2 vols.
ΕΙ
伊斯兰百科全书》，第 1 版和第 2 版
FO
伦敦公共档案局外交部记录
GAL
卡尔-布罗克曼，《阿拉伯文学集》（GAL），2 卷，莱顿，1943-49 年；《补编》（S），3 卷，莱顿，1937-42 年
H-T
赫斯佩里斯-塔穆达
哈雷尔
R. 哈雷尔等人，《摩洛哥阿拉伯语词典：阿拉伯语-英语》，华盛顿特区，1966 年
Hesp.
IB
MDM 见 AAE
MM
RA
RMM 世界穆斯林杂志
S 见 GAL
SEI
TT
缩写
Hespéris
H. A. R. Gibb 编辑，《伊本-白图泰游记》，3 卷，哈克鲁伊协会，剑桥，1958 年
海洋部档案馆，《国家成就》，巴黎
非洲杂志
伊斯兰简明百科全书
Muhammad Dawud，《Tārīkh Titwân》，8 卷，德图安，1959-79 年
沒有留言:
張貼留言
注意：只有此網誌的成員可以留言。