在泰國南部腹地尋求正義：馬來穆斯林和泰國佛教婦女的敘述。

In Search of Justice in Thailand's Deep South: Malay Muslim and Thai Buddhist Women's Narratives.

連結/頁面引用

 

在泰國南部腹地尋求正義：馬來穆斯林和泰國佛教婦女的敘述。約翰·克利福德·霍爾特編輯。夏洛茨維爾和倫敦：維吉尼亞大學出版社，2022 年。平裝本：151 頁。

自 2004 年泰國南部腹地政治暴力死灰復燃以來，迄今已奪去了 7,300 多人的生命，人們對這場種族宗教衝突的許多不同方面進行了大量研究，包括叛亂的原因和動態、 -種族互動、宗教和民族主義的角色、身分和公民身份、政府政策以及衝突對該地區社會經濟狀況的影響。

《在泰國南部深處尋求正義：馬來穆斯林和泰國佛教徒婦女的敘述》是這場暴力衝突受害者的普通人撰寫的個人回憶錄彙編。這本書為讀者提供了一個獨特的機會來聆聽那些經歷過深刻個人悲劇、堅韌的穆斯林和佛教女性的聲音。在恐懼普遍、沉默已成為常態的環境中，這些婦女透過參與非政府組織公民婦女網路組織的活動獲得了賦權，可以從創傷經歷中恢復過來，並找到自己的聲音要求和平與正義。索拉亞·賈姆朱里 (Soraya Jamjuree) 為該書編寫並選擇了敘述，她指出，「這是一本關於受害者有時會成為勝利者的書」（第 xiii 頁）。

這本書以原慎太郎的譯者註開始，隨後是索拉亞·賈姆朱里 (Soraya Jamjuree) 的序言​​，最後是約翰·克利福德·霍爾特 (John Clifford Holt) 的介紹。在完成這個計畫時，這三個人有一個共同的目標：出版一本能夠放大受害者聲音的書。書的主體部分包含 15 個穆斯林撰寫的故事和 5 個佛教徒撰寫的故事。這些故事中，17 個是女性寫的，3 個是男性寫的。它們證明了母親、妻子、女兒和受害者家屬的生活如何受到暴力衝突的影響。

在 34 頁的引言中，霍爾特向讀者介紹了這場衝突的背景，包括其歷史背景和比較背景。他將泰國南部腹地的叛亂與斯里蘭卡和緬甸的佛教與穆斯林衝突進行了比較，並討論了北大年地區宗教和教育的當代背景和意義。霍爾特認為，問題的癥結源於南方腹地融入「泰式」同質性，使北大年地區的身份和經濟服從於曼谷的主導經濟利益，從而使其成為「半殖民主義」問題。 」（第xxiii 頁）。

拉瑪一世統治期間暹羅吞併北大年後，暹羅與北大年的歷史關係以及恢復北大年自治的討論從統治階級轉向宗教學者。哈吉蘇隆(Haji Sulong) 是北大年爭取更大自治權運動中的重要人物，但於1954 年神秘失踪。自那時起，尋求南方腹地更大自治權或獨立的運動中出現了不同派系。霍爾特將 2000 年代初期暴力事件的激增歸因於他信總理的笨拙政策和泰國軍隊不守紀律的行為。霍爾特強調，馬來穆斯林社群主要認同馬來語、伊斯蘭教和北大年的歷史，並不符合泰國國家的民族認同，而泰國的民族認同主要與泰語、佛教和君主制有關。

這本書的主要部分講述了衝突受害者的普通村民所寫的扣人心弦的個人故事。這些故事描述了他們的經歷以及他們如何克服恐懼、他們接受的治療以及他們仍然面臨的創傷。其中一些故事充滿戲劇性和引人入勝，標題包括“這是誰的安全？”、“正義應該爭取”和“我站起來的時候到了”。整本書都在提醒讀者2004年4月28日發生在北大年克魯斯清真寺的大屠殺、2004年10月25日發生的德白大屠殺，以及導致數百名北大年居民被拘留、受傷和死亡的其他暴力事件。佛教助理老師 Chuling Pongkhamoon 於 2006 年 5 月 9 日在古晉 Lepah 村去世，加劇了創傷，加深了馬來穆斯林對其泰國同胞的不信任（第 111 頁）。馬來穆斯林分離主義者對佛教村民的暴力行為也加劇了仇恨和猜疑。

書中的個人敘述也揭示了泰國政府的壓迫和不自由本質，以及武裝部隊如何在2004年特別緊急狀態法下屢次犯下侵犯人權行為。軍隊和警察濫用職權、有罪不罰和司法不公的例子不勝枚舉。政府無能，特別是在監禁涉嫌馬來穆斯林叛亂分子方面，這些叛亂分子後來被發現是無辜的。佛教和伊斯蘭教的信仰和宗教教義在幫助受害者找到安慰、希望和力量方面發揮著建設性作用。一些敘述顯示衝突如何使穆斯林和佛教村民之間的關係變得緊張，而另一些敘述則表明不同宗教信仰之間的支持關係如何恢復。像公民婦女網路這樣的非政府組織對於提供支持並賦予受害者克服恐懼和發聲的能力至關重要。

總的來說，這本書的方法很獨特，為社會中經常被邊緣化的群體發出了聲音。這些個人敘述為讀者提供了關於因衝突而遭受巨大痛苦的穆斯林和佛教徒婦女的經歷、挑戰和轉變的親密細節和見解。《在泰國南方腹地尋求正義》是對南方腹地衝突、泰國伊斯蘭教和佛教以及一般婦女的文獻的寶貴貢獻。

ORNAONG HUSNA BENBOURENANE 是阿布達比扎耶德大學人文與社會科學學院的實踐教授。郵寄地址：PO Box 144534，阿布達比，阿拉伯聯合大公國；電子郵件：Ornanong.Benbourenane@zu.ac.ae 。

In Search of Justice in Thailand's Deep South: Malay Muslim and Thai Buddhist Women's Narratives.

Link/Page Citation 

In Search of Justice in Thailand's Deep South: Malay Muslim and Thai Buddhist Women's Narratives. Edited by John Clifford Holt. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2022. Softcover: 151pp.

Since the resurgence of political violence in Thailand's Deep South in 2004, which has so far claimed more than 7,300 lives, considerable research has been devoted to the many different facets of this ethno-religious conflict, including the causes and dynamics of the insurgency, inter-ethnic interactions, the roles of religion and nationalism, identity and citizenship, government policies and the impact of the conflict on the region's socio-economic conditions.

In Search of Justice in Thailand's Deep South: Malay Muslim and Thai Buddhist Women's Narratives is a compilation of personal memoirs written by ordinary people who were victims of this violent conflict. The book presents readers with a unique opportunity to hear the voices of resilient Muslim and Buddhist women who have experienced profound personal tragedies. In an environment where fear is widespread and silence has become the norm, these women are empowered through their engagement in activities organized by the Civic Women's Network, a non-governmental organization (NGO), to recover from their traumatic experiences and find their voices to demand peace and justice. Soraya Jamjuree, who compiled and selected the narratives for the volume, notes that "this is a book about victims who sometimes become victors" (p. xiii).

The book begins with a translator's note by Hara Shintaro, followed by a preface by Soraya Jamjuree and then an introduction by John Clifford Holt. In putting the project together, these three individuals shared a common goal: to publish a volume that amplifies the victims' voices. The main part of the book contains 15 narratives written by Muslims and five by Buddhists. Of these stories, 17 are written by women and three by men. They provide a testament to how the lives of mothers, wives, daughters and the victims' families have been impacted by the violent conflict.

In the 34-page introduction, Holt provides readers with a background to the conflict, including its historical and comparative contexts. He compares the insurgency in Thailand's Deep South with the Buddhist-Muslim conflicts in Sri Lanka and Myanmar, and discusses the contemporary context and significance of religion and education in the Patani region. Holt argues that the crux of the problem stems from the integration of the Deep South into the homogeneity of "Thainess", which subordinates the Patani region's identity and economy to the dominant economic interests of Bangkok, thus rendering it a matter of "semi-colonialism" (p. xxiii).

After Siam absorbed Patani during the reign of Rama I, the historical relationship between Siam and Patani, and discussions about recovering Patani's autonomy, shifted from the ruling class to religious scholars. Haji Sulong was a prominent figure in the campaign for greater autonomy for Patani, but mysteriously disappeared in 1954. Since then, different factions have arisen among movements seeking greater autonomy or independence for the Deep South. Holt attributes the upsurge in violence in the early 2000s to the ham-fisted policies of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra and the undisciplined behaviour of the Thai military. Holt emphasizes that the Malay-Muslim community, which identifies primarily with the Malay language, Islam and history of Patani, does not fit into the Thai state's national identity, which is mainly associated with the Thai language, Buddhism and monarchy.

The main portion of the book features gripping personal narratives written by ordinary villagers who are victims of the conflict. These stories describe their experiences and how they overcame their fears, the treatment they received and the traumas they still face. Some of the stories are dramatic and compelling, with titles such as "Whose security is this?", "Justice should be fought for" and "Time has come for me to stand up". Throughout the book, readers are reminded about the massacre at Patani's Kru Se Mosque on 28 April 2004, the Tak Bai Massacre on 25 October 2004, and other violent incidents that led to the detention, injury and deaths of hundreds of Patani residents. The death of a Buddhist assistant teacher, Chuling Pongkhamoon, in Kuching Lepah village on 9 May 2006, added to the trauma, deepening Malay-Muslims' distrust of their fellow Thai citizens (p. 111). The violence committed by the Malay-Muslim separatists against Buddhist villagers also fuelled hatred and suspicion.

The personal accounts in the book also reveal the oppressive and illiberal nature of the Thai state, and how the armed forces have repeatedly committed human rights abuses under the special emergency laws of 2004. There are numerous examples of military and police abuse, impunity and judicial incompetence, particularly regarding the imprisonment of suspected Malay-Muslim insurgents who were later found to be innocent. Faith and religious teaching in both Buddhism and Islam play a constructive role in helping the victims find solace, hope and strength. Some narratives show how the conflict strained relations between Muslim and Buddhist villagers, while others demonstrate how supportive relationships between different religious affiliations can be restored. NGOs like the Civic Women's Network are crucial in providing support and empowering the victims to overcome their fears and speak up.

Overall, this book is unique in its approach, giving voice to an often-marginalized group in society. The personal narratives provide readers with intimate details and insights into the experiences, challenges and transformations of both Muslim and Buddhist women who have endured tremendous suffering due to the conflict. In Search of Justice in Thailand's Deep South is a valuable contribution to the literature on the Deep South conflict, Islam and Buddhism in Thailand, and women in general.

ORNANONG HUSNA BENBOURENANE is Professor of Practice at the College of Humanities and Social Science, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi. Postal address: P.O. Box 144534, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; email: Ornanong.Benbourenane@zu.ac.ae.