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Index
9/11 232
1856 declaration (Islahat Fermanι) 118, 123
Abdülmecid II 34
acceptance, stigmatization 96
Afghanistan 134 agrarian empires
modernity transition 38, 42–4
stigmatization 61
AKP (Justice and Development Party) (Turkey) 246
Alexander II, Emperor of Russia 208 animalistic behavior 70
Ankara Assembly 127, 129
anomie 66, 71
Aras, Tevfik Rüştü 135, 140
argument outline 12
Aristotle 69, 241
armed forces 151
arriviste strategy 106–8
assimilation 22, 247–8
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 36, 112, 113,
127–9, 142–3, 145–8, 153, 155
Atay, Falih Rιfkι 146 atrocities 198
authenticity 94
autonomy 67
Badgley, John H. 188 Balkans 135
Bauman, Zygmunt 55, 98, 242, 243,
247
Befu, Harumi 193
Berlin, Isaiah 67, 72
Billington, James 208
Bolsheviks 36, 210–12, 213, 216
Bourdieu, Pierre 100
Brines, Russell 175
Britain 48
empire 86, 112
Turkey relations 141 views on Turkey 139
Brown, Charlie 248
Bukovansky, Mlada 45
Bull, Hedley 62
Burke, Edmund 74
Buruma, Ian 160, 161, 176
Buzan, Barry 23
Caliphate 126, 129, 133, 144, 146
capitalism 41 Carr, E. H. 46
case studies, use of 23, 25 Cecil, Lord Robert 111 Chaadaev, Peter 208
chapter outlines 13–26
Chechnya 232
China 162, 167
Japanese war against 167, 168–70
Christians 117, 120
citizenship 80–2
civilization standard 53, 83–7, 93
Japan 161–6
Ottoman Empire 119
Turkey 143–8
Clark, Ian 90, 93
closure 52
Cold War 197, 215, 217, 224
collective narratives 4
Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Turkey) 35, 124
Concert of Europe 205 constitutions 177
constructivism 14–16, 17
“correction,” stigmatization 97, 105
Crimean War 207
critical realism 25
CUP (Committee of Union and Progress) (Turkey) 35, 124
286
defeat, state responses to 105 defense expenditure 190
democratic governance 91–5 Democratic Party of Japan (DJP) 246 Derluguian, Georgi 29, 214, 217
Deudney, Daniel 218
development theory 90–1, 92
dichotomies 5, 6, 48, 87, 242
discrimination 95
DJP (Democratic Party of Japan) 246
Dodge, Joseph 179
dominant groups 83
dress codes 60
Dulles, John Foster 179
East/West dichotomy 5, 6, 48, 87
economic development 87–91
educated classes 55
egalitarianism 78
Elias, Norbert 10, 52, 57, 101, 102
elites 32, 54–6, 165 emancipation of serfs 208 empiricism 25
emulation 19, 39
English, Robert 207
equal recognition 72–82, 83
see also recognition relationships equality 74, 83
Esat, Mahmut 144
established-outsider dynamic 10, 21,
39, 58–62, 82–95, 192, 243
Europe 138–40, 204
exclusion, collectivist criteria 52, 83
foreign policy 63, 221–35, 246 Foreign Policy Concept (1993)
(Russia) 225, 227
Foreign Policy Concept (2000) (Russia) 231
foreigners 81
formal equality 83
freedom 67, 70, 72–82, 254
French Revolution 44, 46
Fukuyama, Francis 90
G-7 229
G-8 231
Galtung, Johan 193
Gellner, Ernest 41, 45, 50, 218
Germans, The (Elias) 101, 102
Germany 52, 76, 199
Giddens, Anthony 45, 62
Gilman, Sander 79
global hierarchies 92
Goffman, Erving 3, 8, 11, 59, 63, 95,
123, 154, 249
Goldstone, Jack 25
Gong, Gerrit 23, 39
Gorbachev, Mikhail 218–20
governance 91–5
great powers 64, 199
Greece 84, 97
Turkey relations 135 Turkish Independence War
129
Greenfeld, Liah 78 Grew, Joseph C. 129 Grotius, Hugo 48
group narratives 4
Group of Eight (G-8) 231 Group of Seven (G-7) 229 gunpowder empires see agrarian
empires
habitus concept 100–2, 104
Halis, Keriman 158
hat law 147, 151
Hatoyama Ichiro 184 Hayes, Louis D. 183 headscarves 156
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 67, 68, 71, 72, 74, 254
Herriot, M. E. 114 hierarchies 51, 67, 92
Himba tribe 60
Hobbes, Thomas 74 Hobson, John M. 48 Huntington, Samuel 90
Ikeda Hayato 186, 187 Ikenberry, John G. 218 Imperial Japan 166–74
imperialism 47, 49
individual, the 73
industrialization 45, 88
inferiority 69
Inoguchi, Takashi 183
insider–outsider status 29–56
internalization, stigmatization 96
international hierarchies 92 international relations theories 241 international system 17, 250, 252–3
common ground 21 established-outsider dynamic
58–62, 82–95, 192
insider–outsider status 29–56
Japan 181–3, 193–200, 251
modern states system emergence 46–9
modernity 6–8, 38–45
Russia 251
sociological frameworks 19
Soviet Union 219
stigmatization 63–82
Turkey 149–50, 251
Iran 134
Islahat Fermanι 118, 123
Israel 65
Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus 25 Japan 130, 244
1945–1974 160–200
American occupation 194
American traders 162
anti-American riots 185
Asia strategy 196
attitudes to Asia 164, 182–3
China relations 189
civilization standard 161–6
constitution 177
defeat 175–83, 193, 197
defense expenditure 190
economic policies 177, 187–8
elites 56, 165
foreign policy 183, 188, 189,
246, 250
“frustrated great power” 199 Germany comparison 199
imperialism 166–74, 192
insider–outsider status 29–30
in the international system 181–3, 193–200, 251
leftists 178
Meiji Restoration 161–6
militarism 35, 166–74, 192
national habitus 102
nationalism 200
peace treaty 180
post-defeat dynamic 247
recognition strategy 248
reforms 34, 163
response to World War II defeat 175–83
Russia comparison 224
security treaty 180, 185
socialization of 30–8
status enhancement 191–200, 248
stigmatization of 9–12, 170–2, 183,
189, 199
trade 164, 187
Turkey comparisons 174–5, 196
United Nations 184
US occupation 194
US partnership 186
war against China 167, 168–70 war against Russia 167
war crimes 198
Westernization 163
Jews, German emancipation of 76 Justice and Development Party (AKP)
(Turkey) 246
Kafka, Franz 27, 109
Karahan, Comrade 137
Keene, Edward 48
Kemal, Mustafa see Atatürk Kemalist Republic 33
Kenkichi, Odera 170
Kishi Nobusuke 185
Kojève, Alexandre 70, 254
Korea 167, 169
Kuchuk Kainardji, Treaty of 116, 120
Kunio, Yanagida 171
Lausanne Conference 130–2
LDP (Liberal Democrat Party) (Japan) 184
League of Nations 86, 140–1
Lebow, Richard Ned 22, 75, 88 legitimation of the state 77 Leninism 217
Liberal Democrat Party (LDP) (Japan) 184
Loti, Pierre 163
Lynch, Allen 229
MacArthur, Douglas 175, 178, 179
McNeill, William 1
Manchuria 169
Mann, Michael 49
Markell, Patchen 68, 72, 76
Marxism 88, 91, 211, 217
Masaru, Nakayama 172
master–slave relationship 68–71, 77
Matsuda, Takeshi 181 mediocre man, the 79
Meiji Restoration 34, 161–6
Metternich, Prince 118
military spending 190
Miss Universe competition 158 Mitchell, Tim 50
modern states system 46–9 modernity 5, 10, 22
economic development 87–91 and the international system 6–8,
38–45
outsider status 49–53
social stratification 49–53
modernization theory 90–1
Mongols 215–16
nation states see states national identity 100–2, 103
Japan 102
Russia 102, 220
stigmatization 3–5
Turkey 1–5
National Security Concept (1997) (Russia) 227
nationalism 50, 77, 200, 222
negative freedom 74
neorealism 31 Nettl, J. P. 89
Neumann, Iver B. 203, 204, 213, 235 New Order in the East Proclamation
172
New Thinking, Soviet reforms 218–20, 225
Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia 206–7 Nietzsche, Friedrich 78–9
normalcy, stigmatization 96
“normals” 241
normative dichotomies 242
normative frameworks 94
norms 16, 82, 94, 239, 242
ontological security 62
Oriental Christendom 120
Orientalism 193, 215
Ottoman Empire 33, 61, 111, 204,
244
Christian groups within 117 civilization standard 119
collapse of 123–5
Committee of Union and Progress 35, 124
declinist historical tradition 121 elites 56
historical phases 121
Japan comparison 174–5
reforms 34
Russia comparison 210
“Sick Man of Europe” label 119, 122
stigmatization of 115–25
Westernization 44, 120, 121
outsider states 49–53, 57–108, 253
pacifism 200
Pamuk, Orhan 1, 2, 5, 6, 255
Pan-Turkism 124
Pasha, İsmet 130
“passing,” stigmatization 96–7, 105
peripheral regions 94
persuasion 16
Peter the Great 203 Plato 75
Polevoi, Nikolai 205
popular sovereignty 44
positive freedom 67, 70, 72–82, 254
power differentials 58
priestly strategy 104, 107
Putin, Vladimir 221, 228, 230–5
racism 48, 170
recognition relationships 67–71,
72–82, 83, 217, 248, 254
reform strategies 34–5
rejection strategy, stigmatization 171 research approach 24–5
ressentiment strategy 78, 104, 106–8
revolutions 210
Rhodes, Cecil 47
Robertson, Roland 89
Ruggie, John Gerard 13, 19, 31, 40 Russia
1990–2007 201–39
anti-Western policies 229
authoritarianism 234, 238
Russia (cont.) Bolshevism 36
elites 56
energy exports 234
Eurasian identity 233, 236
foreign policy 221–35
insider–outsider status 29–30 in the international system 251 Japan comparison 224
moderate conservatives 222
moderate liberals 221
national habitus 102
national identity 220
National Security Concept 227 nationalism 222
norms 239
Ottoman Empire comparison 210 Ottoman Empire relations 116 post-defeat dynamic 244–6
post-Napoleonic Wars 205
pro-Western groups 221, 225–6
pro-Western policies 232
recognition quest 238
reforms 34, 208, 209
revolution 210
socialization of 30–8
state identity 223
status restoration 235–9
stigmatization of 9–12, 223
Turkey comparison 211–12, 224
US relations 234
war against Japan 167 and the West 236–9 Westernization 203 see also Soviet Union
Sadabad Pact 134
Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de 111
SCAP see Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
Scheler, Max 106
scientific method 50
secularism 157
self-sovereignty 73
serfs, emancipation of 208 shame 52, 59–60, 95 Sharman, J. C. 48
Sher’ia law 118
“Sick Man of Europe” label 119, 122 slave morality 78
see also master–slave relationship Slavophiles 207
social exclusion 67
social hierarchies 67
social inequalities 254
social stratification 49–53, 252
socialization 14–16, 19, 22–3,
30–8
society, perspectives of 20
“sour grapes” strategy, stigmatization 171
sovereignty 44, 49, 70, 73, 254
Soviet Union 87, 91, 98, 153, 213–18
collapse of 220
economic policies 214
economic stagnation 218
equal recognition demands 217 in the international system 219 Japan relations 178
reforms 218–20
stigmatization of 213, 215–16
Turkey relations 137–8
Stalinism 91, 214 Standard of Civilization
see civilization standard states
formation of 102
habitus concept 100–2, 104
identity attributes 63, 65, 103
as outsiders 49–53, 57–108, 253
personification of 100 responses to defeat 105
stigmatization responses 95–108
strategy selection 102–8
status standards 191–200
stigmatization 7, 241, 243, 249, 253
acceptance 96
agrarian empires 61
“correction” 97, 105
embracing of 98
existential dilemmas 95
historical timing 99
internalization 96
in the international system 63–82
Japan 9–12, 170–2, 183, 189, 199
modern state emergence 71–82 and national identity 3–5 normalcy 96
Ottoman Empire 115–25
“passing” 96–7, 105
Russia 9–12, 223
Soviet Union 213, 215–16
state strategies 95–108
timing of 99
Turkey 7–12, 150, 156
stratification 49–53, 252 Suleiman the Magnificent 116 Suphi, Hamdullah 144
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) 176, 178
Suzuki, Shogo 164, 166, 199, 200
Tanaka, Stefan 165
Tanzimat Declaration 34, 117
terrorism 94
Thirty Years War 40 Tocqueville, Alexis de 74 tourism 94
Toynbee, Arnold 84, 120, 155, 240
toyo (Eastern culture) 165
Treaty of Kuchuk Kainardji 116, 120
Tsygankov, Andrei 201
Turkey 244
1918–1938 111–59
army modernization 151
Balkan relations 135
civilization standard 143–8 Eastern state relations 132–5 European views on 138–40
foreign policy 246, 250
Independence War 125–9
insider–outsider status 29–30
in the international system 149–50, 251
Kemalist regime 33, 211–12
League of Nations 140–1
modernization 141–8
national habitus 102
national identity 1–5
normalcy quest 125–32
post-defeat dynamic 247
recognition strategy 248
religion 146
Republic’s birth 129–32
Russia comparison 211–12, 224
secularism 157
socialization of 30–8, 152
sovereignty movements 154
Soviet relations 135–8, 153–4
state identity 156–8
status enhancement 248
stigmatization of 7–12, 84, 150,
156
Westernization 85, 141–8, 153,
155, 156, 240
see also Ottoman Empire Turkish Hearth, The 143
Twenty Years’ Crisis, The (Carr) 47
underdeveloped countries 89–91
United Nations 89, 184
United States 162, 194, 195
universal identity 73
US–Japan Security Treaty 180, 185
Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice 43, 217
Waltz, Kenneth 58, 63, 64 comments on socialization 213
war crimes 198
Washington Times 228
Weber, Max 51
Wendt, Alexander 17, 31, 64 West, the, Russia relations 228,
236–9
Western Europe 40–5
Western hegemony, social impact of 53–6
Western Question in Greece and Turkey, The (Toynbee) 84
Westernization 10
Japan 163
Ottoman Empire 120, 121
Russia 203
Turkey 141–8, 153, 155, 156, 240
Winston Parva study (Elias and
Scotson) 52, 58–9, 65, 69, 82
Wittfogel, Karl A. 215 World Polity school 5, 17, 23 World War II 172
Yack, Bernard 77
Yeltsin, Boris 226–9
Yoshida Doctrine 184, 194, 195
Yoshida Shigeru 36, 176, 180, 181–3
Cambridge Studies in International Relations
105 Ken Booth
Theory of world security
104 Benjamin Miller
States, nations and the great powers
The sources of regional war and peace
103 Beate Jahn (ed.)
Classical theory in international relations
102 Andrew Linklater and Hidemi Suganami The English School of international relations A contemporary reassessment
101 Colin Wight
Agents, structures and international relations
Politics as ontology
100 Michael C. Williams
The realist tradition and the limits of international relations
99 Ivan Arreguín-Toft
How the weak win wars
A theory of asymmetric conflict
98 Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall
Power in global governance
97 Yale H. Ferguson and Richard W. Mansbach
Remapping global politics
History’s revenge and future shock
96 Christian Reus-Smit
The politics of international law
95 Barry Buzan
From international to world society?
English School theory and the social structure of globalisation
94 K. J. Holsti
Taming the sovereigns
Institutional change in international politics
93 Bruce Cronin
Institutions for the common good
International protection regimes in international security
92 Paul Keal
European conquest and the rights of indigenous peoples
The moral backwardness of international society
91 Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver
Regions and powers
The structure of international security
90 A. Claire Cutler
Private power and global authority
Transnational merchant law in the global political economy
89 Patrick M. Morgan
Deterrence now
88 Susan Sell
Private power, public law
The globalization of intellectual property rights
87 Nina Tannenwald
The nuclear taboo
The United States and the non-use of nuclear weapons since 1945
86 Linda Weiss
States in the global economy
Bringing domestic institutions back in
85 Rodney Bruce Hall and Thomas J. Biersteker (eds.)
The emergence of private authority in global governance
84 Heather Rae
State identities and the homogenisation of peoples
83 Maja Zehfuss
Constructivism in international relations
The politics of reality
82 Paul K. Ruth and Todd Allee
The democratic peace and territorial conflict in the twentieth century
81 Neta C. Crawford
Argument and change in world politics
Ethics, decolonization and humanitarian intervention
80 Douglas Lemke
Regions of war and peace
79 Richard Shapcott
Justice, community and dialogue in international relations
78 Phil Steinberg
The social construction of the ocean
77 Christine Sylvester
Feminist international relations
An unfinished journey
76 Kenneth A. Schultz
Democracy and coercive diplomacy
75 David Houghton
US foreign policy and the Iran hostage crisis
74 Cecilia Albin
Justice and fairness in international negotiation
73 Martin Shaw
Theory of the global state
Globality as an unfinished revolution
72 Frank C. Zagare and D. Marc Kilgour
Perfect deterrence
71 Robert O’Brien, Anne Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte and Marc Williams
Contesting global governance
Multilateral economic institutions and global social movements
70 Roland Bleiker
Popular dissent, human agency and global politics
69 Bill McSweeney
Security, identity and interests
A sociology of international relations
68 Molly Cochran
Normative theory in international relations
A pragmatic approach
67 Alexander Wendt
Social theory of international politics
66 Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp and Kathryn Sikkink (eds.)
The power of human rights
International norms and domestic change
65 Daniel W. Drezner
The sanctions paradox
Economic statecraft and international relations
64 Viva Ona Bartkus
The dynamic of secession
63 John A. Vasquez
The power of power politics
From classical realism to neotraditionalism
62 Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett (eds.)
Security communities
61 Charles Jones
E. H. Carr and international relations
A duty to lie
60 Jeffrey W. Knopf
Domestic society and international cooperation
The impact of protest on US arms control policy
59 Nicholas Greenwood Onuf
The republican legacy in international thought
58 Daniel S. Geller and J. David Singer
Nations at war
A scientific study of international conflict
57 Randall D. Germain
The international organization of credit
States and global finance in the world economy
56 N. Piers Ludlow
Dealing with Britain
The Six and the first UK application to the EEC
55 Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer and Volker Rittberger
Theories of international regimes
54 Miranda A. Schreurs and Elizabeth C. Economy (eds.)
The internationalization of environmental protection
53 James N. Rosenau
Along the domestic–foreign frontier
Exploring governance in a turbulent world
52 John M. Hobson
The wealth of states
A comparative sociology of international economic and political change
51 Kalevi J. Holsti
The state, war, and the state of war
50 Christopher Clapham
Africa and the international system
The politics of state survival
49 Susan Strange
The retreat of the state
The diffusion of power in the world economy
48 William I. Robinson
Promoting polyarchy
Globalization, US intervention, and hegemony
47 Roger Spegele
Political realism in international theory
46 Thomas J. Biersteker and Cynthia Weber (eds.)
State sovereignty as social construct
45 Mervyn Frost
Ethics in international relations
A constitutive theory
44 Mark W. Zacher with Brent A. Sutton
Governing global networks
International regimes for transportation and communications
43 Mark Neufeld
The restructuring of international relations theory
42 Thomas Risse-Kappen (ed.)
Bringing transnational relations back in
Non-state actors, domestic structures and international institutions
41 Hayward R. Alker
Rediscoveries and reformulations
Humanistic methodologies for international studies
40 Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair
Approaches to world order
39 Jens Bartelson
A genealogy of sovereignty
38 Mark Rupert
Producing hegemony
The politics of mass production and American global power
37 Cynthia Weber
Simulating sovereignty
Intervention, the state and symbolic exchange
36 Gary Goertz
Contexts of international politics
35 James L. Richardson
Crisis diplomacy
The Great Powers since the mid-nineteenth century
34 Bradley S. Klein
Strategic studies and world order
The global politics of deterrence
33 T. V. Paul
Asymmetric conflicts
War initiation by weaker powers
32 Christine Sylvester
Feminist theory and international relations in a postmodern era
31 Peter J. Schraeder
US foreign policy toward Africa
Incrementalism, crisis and change
30 Graham Spinardi
From Polaris to Trident
The development of US Fleet Ballistic Missile technology
29 David A. Welch
Justice and the genesis of war
28 Russell J. Leng
Interstate crisis behavior, 1816–1980
Realism versus reciprocity
27 John A. Vasquez
The war puzzle
26 Stephen Gill (ed.)
Gramsci, historical materialism and international relations
25 Mike Bowker and Robin Brown (eds.)
From cold war to collapse
Theory and world politics in the 1980s
24 R. B. J. Walker
Inside/outside
International relations as political theory
23 Edward Reiss
The strategic defense initiative
22 Keith Krause
Arms and the state
Patterns of military production and trade
21 Roger Buckley
US–Japan alliance diplomacy 1945–1990
20 James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel (eds.)
Governance without government
Order and change in world politics
19 Michael Nicholson
Rationality and the analysis of international conflict
18 John Stopford and Susan Strange
Rival states, rival firms
Competition for world market shares
17 Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (eds.)
Traditions of international ethics
16 Charles F. Doran
Systems in crisis
New imperatives of high politics at century’s end
15 Deon Geldenhuys
Isolated states
A comparative analysis
14 Kalevi J. Holsti
Peace and war
Armed conflicts and international order 1648–1989
13 Saki Dockrill
Britain’s policy for West German rearmament 1950–1955
12 Robert H. Jackson
Quasi-states
Sovereignty, international relations and the third world
11 James Barber and John Barratt
South Africa’s foreign policy
The search for status and security 1945–1988
10 James Mayall
Nationalism and international society
9 William Bloom
Personal identity, national identity and international relations
8 Zeev Maoz
National choices and international processes
7 Ian Clark
The hierarchy of states
Reform and resistance in the international order
6 Hidemi Suganami
The domestic analogy and world order proposals
5 Stephen Gill
American hegemony and the Trilateral Commission
4 Michael C. Pugh
The ANZUS crisis, nuclear visiting and deterrence
3 Michael Nicholson
Formal theories in international relations
2 Friedrich V. Kratochwil
Rules, norms, and decisions
On the conditions of practical and legal reasoning in international relations and domestic affairs
1 Myles L. C. Robertson
Soviet policy towards Japan
An analysis of trends in the 1970s and 1980s
