跳到主要內容

查尔斯国王、美国与增长的徒劳 英国停滞的经济与美国充满活力的经济,二者在政治上同样功能失调。

 這篇文章的標題是 《King Charles, America and the futility of growth》(查爾斯國王、美國與增長的徒勞),出自《金融時報》(FT),最近(約1天前,2026年4月底)發表。

文章核心論點

文章以查爾斯三世國王最近訪美(包括在美國國會發表演說,強調英美「共享繁榮」與聯盟關係)為切入點,對比英國經濟的長期停滯美國經濟的相對活力。作者的核心觀察是:

  • 英國(UK):經濟陷入長期停滯(stagnation)。自2007-2008金融危機以來,生產力增長幾乎停滯,實際工資和人均GDP增長極為緩慢(例如,從2019年到現在,人均GDP僅增長約0.7%,遠低於美國的9%以上)。高稅收、嚴格監管、Net Zero(淨零排放)政策推高能源成本、規劃限制(planning restrictions)阻礙住房和基礎設施建設、福利支出膨脹等因素,共同壓抑了私人部門活力和投資。
  • 美國(US):經濟展現動態活力(dynamic),增長更快、創新更強(科技、能源、企業家精神),人均收入和生產力表現明顯優於英國。
  • 共同點:政治功能失調(politically dysfunctional)。兩國雖然經濟表現天差地別,但在政治上都嚴重失靈。美國的增長雖然強勁,但分配極不均勻(uneven),導致進步派批評貧富差距、社會撕裂;英國則因缺乏增長,陷入零和遊戲(zero-sum)的政治——資源分配衝突激烈,民粹主義、身份政治抬頭,政客承諾福利卻無增長支撐,導致公共財政壓力與政治毒化。

文章認為,「增長的徒勞」(futility of growth)指的是:在當前政治環境下,即使有增長(如美國),也難以轉化為廣泛認同的「共享繁榮」;而沒有增長(如英國),則讓一切變得更糟,政治變成爭奪存量資源的戰場。查爾斯國王談「共享繁榮」(shared prosperity)聽起來美好,但現實中,英美兩國的政治體制都無法有效將經濟成果轉化為社會凝聚力。

為什麼英國經濟停滯?常見解釋(文章及相關討論)

英國停滯不是單一原因,而是多重結構性問題累積:

  • 高稅收與大政府:稅制結合美國高稅基與北歐式福利,壓抑投資和企業擴張。
  • Net Zero與能源政策:快速推綠能導致能源價格高企、工業成本上升,被批評為「下一個Brexit」。
  • 規劃與監管:嚴格的土地使用規劃(NIMBY主義)阻礙住房、基礎設施,限制勞動力和資本流動。
  • Brexit影響:爭議最大。有些分析認為Brexit帶來非關稅壁壘、投資不確定性,使GDP損失約6-8%,生產力下降;但另一些觀點認為,英國停滯主因是保留歐盟式監管負擔卻丟掉靈活性,加上後續政策未積極減稅鬆綁,反而加碼干預。
  • 長期生產力問題:自金融危機後就低迷,投資不足、技能 mismatch、福利依賴等。

相較之下,美國有更靈活的勞動市場、更低的能源成本(頁岩油氣革命)、強大的創新生態(矽谷等),即使有自身問題(如債務、極化),仍能維持較高增長。

文章想傳達的更深層意思

這不是單純的「英國輸、美國贏」的比較,而是對現代西方民主政治的悲觀反思

  • 增長不再是萬靈丹,因為政治極化讓成果難以「共享」。
  • 沒有增長更糟糕,它放大了分配衝突,讓政治變得功能失調(dysfunctional)。
  • 查爾斯國王作為象徵性人物,呼籲英美聯盟與繁榮,但現實經濟與政治現狀讓這種呼籲顯得有些無力(徒勞感)。

這種觀點在英美保守/古典自由派圈子常見,他們強調:要解決問題,必須回歸供給側改革——減稅、鬆綁監管、控制福利支出、務實能源政策,而不是只靠需求刺激或再分配。

如果你有文章的具體段落想討論,或想深入某個原因(例如Net Zero的實際影響、Brexit數據),可以再提供更多細節,我可以幫你分析。經濟數據會隨時間更新,目前(2026年)英國確實面臨較大壓力,而美國相對穩健,但兩國政治挑戰都很大。


👄👄👄👄👄👄👄👄

观点·民粹主义

查尔斯国王、美国与增长的徒劳

英国停滞的经济与美国充满活力的经济,二者在政治上同样功能失调。

贾南·加内什 撰稿

© 卡尔·戈弗雷

他登基已近四年,一直是一位谨慎而沉稳的君主。因此,年轻读者可能不知道,查尔斯三世曾一度拥护各种反现代的事业。例如,庸医巫术。这位温莎家族中的格温妮丝·帕特洛曾痴迷于顺势疗法。至于他对建筑环境的看法,这位传统主义者曾说过,战后建筑师对英国城市的破坏,比赫尔曼·戈林的纳粹空军还要严重。

这些观点背后的主题是对经济增长的怀疑:一种直觉认为,工业化前人均GDP几乎从不变化的生活反而更幸福。至少在某个意义上,国王是一位罗马尼亚村庄的庇护人,那个村庄几乎与世隔绝。

我们有95%的把握可以将这种世界观斥为一个天生百万富翁的愚蠢想法。那剩下的5%呢?那一丝疑虑?嗯,他本周到访的那个国家,在某种程度上证明了他是对的。

自2008-09年金融危机以来,美国在经济上一直很成功。而英国,如同西欧大部分地区一样,几乎尚未复苏。然而,这两个国家都变成了政治马戏团。构成西方大多数执政和评论阶层的经济决定论者,似乎对这道难题缺乏好奇心。

查尔斯不得不会见唐纳德·特朗普,因为美国决定再次选出一位曾两次遭弹劾的总统。而英国方面,尽管大多数选民认为奈杰尔·法拉奇毕生的事业——英国脱欧——是一个国家性错误,但英国正走向让法拉奇成为首相的轨道。这是两个国家,尽管过去几十年的经济经历天差地别,却拥有着程度相当的反建制愤怒。如果非要说有什么区别的话,反倒是那个更富裕、增长更快的国家,其政治更加疯狂。你只能推断,经济在塑造国民情绪方面的作用,即便不能说是完全无关,也是被高估得无可救药了。

换句话说,增长会产生反常的后果。美国人不断选举特朗普的一个原因,是它似乎并未影响他们的生计。就业增长依然强劲。美国股票仍然是他们养老金投资组合中表现优异的重要组成部分。道德风险不仅仅是国家造成的(比如当国家为一家不负责任的银行进行资本重组或帮助支付家庭燃气费时)。市场同样可以如此持续地产生巨大产出,以至于让人们免受其选举决策带来的后果。十年来,投票给特朗普一直是一种毫无代价的反叛——就像右翼版本的,在有人看门的高层公寓顶楼的庇护下,支持对犯罪态度软弱的自由派。

本周,和往常一样,英国又陷入了关于“特殊关系”的愚蠢且无人回应的辩论中。这里有个线索:如果这种关系如此取决于谁在美国政府中任职,取决于他们的母亲是否是苏格兰人,那它就不是特殊的。当迪安·艾奇逊之流在1945年后对大英帝国进行清算时,当约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯对伦敦拒绝介入印度支那战争而愤怒时,或者当老布什将统一的德国视为美国在欧洲的对话者时,这种关系都不特殊。(为什么争论的对象往往是那些盎格鲁-撒克逊白人新教徒或与之相近的美国人?你可能会期望相反的情况。我把这个问题留给那些对“表亲”关系深思熟虑的保守党和法拉奇主义者。)

事实上,如今英美之间的配对之所以有趣,仅仅是因为它们代表着政治功能失调的两种对比模式。英国的那种,源于低增长,直截了当。蛋糕不够分,所以选民转而反对精英和外来者。而美国的那种,即成功的病态,则反直觉。冒着可能诱发某人去读个博士的风险,我得说一定存在某种“最优增长率”:足够高,让选民感到富足,但又不能太强劲,以至于人民在选择政府时产生麻痹大意的心理。

进步人士会指出美国增长的不均衡。不平等现象在20世纪末开始扩大。作为对特朗普主义的解释,这一理论存在两点不足。首先,投票给一个主张减税、削减政府的共和党人,是一种宣泄对社会分层不满的奇怪方式。其次,民粹主义既在更平等的社会也在更不平等的社会中取得突破,正如它在共和国和君主制国家中、在像英国一样中央集权的国家和像美国一样联邦制的国家中、在参加了伊拉克战争和未参战的国家中一样激增。如果存在一个共同变量,那就是大多数地方的移民率一直很高。没有一种纯粹的经济解释能够说得通。

甚至不清楚美国是本世纪“增长却愤怒的国家”的突出例子。波兰比世纪之交时富裕到难以辨认的程度:它是资本主义以及欧盟的单一国家广告牌。与此同时,波兰也维持着一股成功的民粹主义运动,足以产生前任总理和现任总统。

我们这些拥护物质发展的人必须承认,超过某个点之后,它确实会对社会产生奇怪的影响。至少,它创造了喘息的空间,让曾经警惕的人民可以在投票时冒险。查尔斯国王能够克制自己对现代性的疑虑(他在中年身为王储时未能做到这一点),这是值得赞赏的。但这同时也时机不佳,因为世界现在似乎比他在健谈鼎盛时期任何时候都更能印证他的观点。


Opinion Populism

King Charles, America and the futility of growth

The UK’s stagnant economy and the US’s dynamic one are both politically dysfunctional
© Carl Godfrey
Published
331
He has been a discreet and level-headed sovereign for almost four years now. As a result, younger readers might not know that Charles III once championed all kinds of anti-modern causes. Quack medicine, for example. The Gwyneth Paltrow of the Windsors had a thing for homeopathy. As for his views on the built environment, this traditionalist once said that postwar architects had done more to disfigure British cities than Hermann Göring’s Luftwaffe.
The connecting theme here is a suspicion of economic growth: a hunch that pre-industrial life, in which GDP per person almost never changed, was happier. The King patronises, in at least one sense of that word, a Romanian village that is all but suspended in time.
With 95 per cent confidence, we can dismiss this worldview as the inanity of a born millionaire. The other 5 per cent? The scintilla of doubt? Well, the country he is visiting this week goes some way to vindicating him.
The US has been an economic success since the financial crash of 2008-9. The UK, like much of western Europe, has scarcely recovered. Yet both countries have become political circuses. The economic determinists who make up most of the west’s governing — and commenting — class seem incurious about this conundrum.
Charles is having to meet Donald Trump because America decided to re-elect a twice-impeached president. For its part, Britain is on course to make Nigel Farage prime minister even though most voters regard his life’s work, Brexit, as a national mistake. These are two countries with comparable levels of anti-establishment anger, despite wildly divergent economic experiences over the past couple of decades. If anything, the richer and faster-growing country’s politics is the more gaga. You are left to surmise that economics is, if not quite irrelevant, then hopelessly overrated as a shaper of national mood.
To put it a different way, growth has perverse consequences. One reason that Americans keep electing Trump is that it seems not to affect their livelihoods. Job creation remains strong. US equities remain a high-performing staple of their pension portfolios. Moral hazard is not just something the state brings into being (as when it recapitalises a feckless bank or helps out with household gas bills). The market, too, can produce so much output, so consistently, as to insulate people from their electoral choices. For a decade, voting Trump has been a costless rebellion, the right’s version of backing soft-on-crime liberals from the sanctum of a concierged penthouse.
This week, as ever, Britain is lost in witless — and unreciprocated — debate about the special-ness of the relationship. Here is a clue. If it hinges so much on who is in the US administration, on whether their mother was Scottish, it is not special. It wasn’t special when the likes of Dean Acheson foreclosed on the British empire after 1945, or when John Foster Dulles seethed at London for abstaining from the Indochina war, or when George HW Bush treated a unified Germany as America’s European interlocutor. (Why are the tiffs so often with Wasp or Wasp-adjacent Americans? You would expect the opposite. I leave this matter with the Tories and Farage-ists, who think so deeply about the “cousins”.)
In truth, the UK-US pairing is only interesting nowadays because the countries represent contrasting models of political dysfunction. The British kind, born of low growth, is straightforward. There is not enough to go around, so voters turn against elites and outsiders. It is the American kind, the disease of success, that is counterintuitive. At the risk of getting someone somewhere started on a PhD, there must be such a thing as the optimal rate of growth: high enough to make voters feel prosperous but not so robust as to induce complacency when choosing a government.
Progressives will cite the unevenness of US growth. Inequality there began to widen in the late 20th century. As an account of Trumpism, this theory fails on two counts. First, voting for a tax-cutting, government-gutting Republican is an odd way of venting against social stratification. Also, populism has broken through in more equal and less equal societies, just as it has surged in republics and monarchies, in states as centralised as Britain and as federal as America, in countries that took part in the Iraq war and countries that did not. If there is a common variable, it is that immigration has been high in most places. There is no purely economic explanation that works.
It is not even clear that America is this century’s outstanding example of a growing-but-angry nation. Poland is unrecognisably richer than it was at the turn of the millennium: a one-country advertisement for capitalism, and for the EU. At the same time, it has sustained a populist movement successful enough to produce the previous prime minister and the current president.
Those of us who espouse material development have to grant that, beyond a certain point, it really does do strange things to societies. At the very least, it creates the breathing room in which once-vigilant people can take risks with their vote. It is handsome of King Charles to swallow his doubts about modernity, as he didn’t when he was a middle-aged dauphin. But it is also unfortunate timing, as the world seems to bear him out far more now than it ever did in his talkative pomp.

留言