明朝在洪武（1368-98 年在位）和永樂（1402-24 年在位）皇帝統治下以及在正統年間（1435-49 年）短暫時期對殖民世界非常感興趣。最初，由農民領袖出身的洪武皇帝將王朝構想為純粹的軍事事業，不依賴儒家哲學和考試，權力來自皇帝的個人家族熟人網絡和安全部門。他沒有遵循宋朝正規化文官軍隊的傳統，而是以古老的方式封他的兒子為公爵，並通過蠻力進行統治：他三十年的統治使整個中國都落入他的手中，而蒙古的統治在他周圍分崩離析。儘管儒家考試最終被確立為晉升公務員的手段，與後來的清朝不同，明初是中國人，他們不覺得自己有什麼可以通過向官僚扮演好天子來證明的）。
他的兒子永樂武力（從他的侄子手中）奪取了政權，將首都置於他的舊領地，並向四面八方發起了大規模的帝國計劃，但最終都沒有成功。他想征服越南、滿洲和蒙古；他是一位“從馬鞍上”進行統治的皇帝，而不是一位哲學家國王。在他的領導下，儒家再次被邊緣化，權力被交給了太監（他的父親不信任他們），這些人沒有受過真正的教育，渴望投身於帝國主義，以此作為獲得個人權力、財富和主人青睞的快速手段。
現在，我確信至少有一些現代人正在對這一切感到興奮。這是一個光榮的帝國——取代了西方並建立了一個本土的全球力量來抵抗它們。嗯，不。長達數十年的大規模、吃力不討好的威望驅動的軍事行動的實際影響，無原則的“寵臣”憑藉暴君的一時興起統治國家，以及軍事失敗後的滅亡風險（毫無疑問，無論“先進”與否，中國都當然沒有贏得她的大部分戰爭）是無益的。
鄭和的海上努力——我建議歷史系的學生對他的船隻進行雙曲線測量時持保留態度——與其他活動一樣，基本上是無利可圖的。歐洲海上探險的全部目的是沿著自然經濟路線追求私營企業。鄭和的努力沒有經濟上的連貫性，是由一個強大的朝臣所追求的，並且缺乏任何可以證明或延續其存在的動力。這就是他們被拋棄的原因。
無論如何，當正統被另一位宦官撫養到青少年時期，他試圖按照他最喜歡的人的建議，不顧一切軍事理由征服蒙古草原時，明朝的領土野心就結束了：導致皇帝被俘，災難性的失敗和王朝的終結。難怪殖民野心隨後被擱置。
永樂繪製地圖的鼎盛時期的明朝領土。
無論如何，明朝與任何歐洲國家一樣從歐洲殖民主義中受益：西班牙的白銀貿易最終填滿了中國（和印度）的金庫。當西班牙帝國因經濟衰退而滅亡時，位於經濟多米諾骨牌長鏈末端的明朝也隨之滅亡。獲得遙遠土地上的領土所有權是實際國家權力的可能結果，而不是其原因。
對明朝的精彩演繹。（朋友）彼得·戈登（Peter Gordon）最近出版的一本書中解釋了明朝所享受的白銀橫財。
《銀路：中國、西屬美洲和全球化的誕生，1565-1815 年》（企鵝特輯） 《銀路：中國、西屬美洲和全球化的誕生，1565-1815 年》（企鵝特輯）：彼得·戈登、胡安·何塞·莫拉萊斯： 9780734399434：Amazon.com：書籍
中國的世界秩序只是一個幻象，不多也不少。
部長有這個嗎？
皇帝的印章，上面有五爪龍 - 五爪龍是為皇帝保留的
我不同意范凱的觀點：中國皇帝在亞洲周邊地區也擁有合法權力。
- 比如他能集結安南王國的軍隊嗎？………… 沒有 ！
Historically it has not been in China's favor to invade another East Asian country if (1) there is political unity within that country and thus no support for Chinese invasion and (2) the cost-benefit analysis is not in China's favor. We could recall how the earlier Sui dynasty invaded Goguryeo five times only to lead to its own demise (although it ravaged that country enough for the next invasion by the Tang dynasty to succeed). Or when the Yuan dynasty (a Mongolian-based dynasty) invaded Vietnam three times a lack of local support and proper tactics by the Vietnamese led to the failure on al
No Chinese empire got much further west than Samarkand in West-Central Asia. That was under the Tang, who took it as a protectorate to try to stop the advance of Islam into what were ancient Buddhist states.
The Ming stopped at what is now Xinjiang, like most Chinese dynasties.
Before modern times, only the Mongols had power simultaneously in West Asia + Europe and in China. Timur tried it but died before reaching China.
(Shaded Relief Location Map of Samarkand)
::What was the relationship between Malacca Malay Sultanate (Kesultanan Melayu Melaka, 马六甲苏丹王朝/满剌加国) and Great Ming (大明, today's China)?::
For what I’ve read, the relation was as close as it could have being between China and a tributary: the natural entrepôt that was (and is) Malacca and the renewed interest of Ming China in trade with the West, meant that they enjoyed mutually beneficial relations.
This allowed the Sultanate to become a true emporium in SEA, where merchants from the Chinese, South and South East Asian, and Arab worlds, met.
The news of the Portuguese conquest of Malacca didn’t
Mind dynasty reached its peak during 1402–1424, under the reigning of Zhu Di, Yongle Emperor.
Yongle’s came to power
He was the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of Ming dynasty. His eldest brother Zhu Biao died before their father, so Zhu Di accepted his father’s will at that time and let his nephew Zhu Yunwen (the eldest son of Zhu Biao) took the crown and became Jianwen Emperor in 1398.
Before 1402, Zhu Di was the Prince of Yan (now Beijing and the surrounding areas), but his nephew Jianwen Emperor was too afraid of his power and decided to demote and kill him. But Zhu Di survived, foug
The Chinese were very rich and powerful farmers being an agrarian society. China in most chapters of history was by far the mightiest and strongest among her neighbours and being able to vassalize many neighbouring countries. China was a massive country and with a huge population, however, this is a double-edged blade.
Due to the sheer size of China, transportation in ancient times was a logistics nightmare. It took many months to travel from an outer province to the capital, and the governors outside of the capital only ever meet the emperor once every 3 years.
In many times in Chinese history,
This is a solid question that has many facets.
1. it wasn't 500,000 armed forces: first off, we should note that the official history of the Ming intentionally glossed over this part very badly because of the obvious ugliness and also the even worst political aftermath. they wrote it to the point where it's almost as if the Emperor just went on an extensive hunting trip north.
So we need to rely on not official sources for this event, the first document we have of the # of men involved, where the 500,000 number comes from, says it's "500,000 soldier and retinues." [1] where as later once probab
The 1st Emperor HongWu who basically killed anyone crossed his way. At the end of his reign it was a shortage of officials in the court. The senior Ming officials usually had purchased their coffins in advance and bid farewell to their families before work.
In one particular case alone (the Hu Weiyong 胡惟庸 case) the Emperor HongWu executed over 30k people, including women and children.
The Yingzong Emperor 明英宗 was captured by the Mongols in a battle which caused a national crisis. He was such a swell guy who managed to become friends with Tayisung Khan during jail times. When released back t
Since ancient times, Confucianism has had an unspoken common wish: "天子垂拱而治，士大夫共治天下."
The meaning of this sentence is, "The emperor had better do nothing and let the scholars rule China."
That's right, Confucianism is actually an advocate of constitutional monarchy.
In the Song and Ming dynasties, scholars had been infinitely close to achieving this goal.
There was a cabinet in the Ming dynasty. The prime minister was actually elected by officials in Beijing. The emperor only needed to be a rubber stamp.
At the same time, early political parties appeared in China. Scholars who share the same politic
This is a classic historical record of betrayal and dishonesty in Vietnam.
In 1400 AD, a coup occurred in Vietnam, and the king was killed (the person who killed the king was the king's father-in-law),
After Hu Jiya killed the King of Vietnam, he became the king himself. Of course, the Chinese central government is not yet aware of this matter. However, the son of the former king, Hu Jiya's grandson, fled to China and requested help from the central government of China. In 1405, the central government of China sent envoys to Vietnam to question Hu Jiya whether
I'm very certain a lot of them consider Southeast Asians as Asians but it doesn't rule out the possibility there are people like these out there.
The Ming dynasty came to an end in 1644, when the capital city of Beijing was captured by a Manchu army led by Prince Dorgon, who was regent for the young emperor Shunzhi of the newly-established Qing dynasty.
The Ming dynasty had been in decline for several decades prior to its collapse. In the late 16th century, economic problems, natural disasters, and social unrest had weakened the central government's authority and led to a series of rebellions and uprisings. In addition, the Ming military had been weakened by corruption and mismanagement, making it increasingly difficult to defend against
In the competition with the 10-member ASEAN, Vietnam does not have an outstanding or unique strength against the more developed economies (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines), but has sufficient advantages to complete post-war recoveries and gradually, narrow the gaps - some will be sooner (the Philippines and Indonesia, within next decade) while others later (Thailand and Malaysia in 3, 4 decades) with Singapore remains aspirational!
These competitive advantages presently, are:
- Starting at much lower base and with a reasonably young, hard-working population, the high e
- AirAsia (Malaysia). Budget airline. Asia’s largest budget airline with flights to 27 countries and subsidiaries in Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, India, & Japan.
- Garena (Singapore). PC game platform, with operations all across Southeast and East Asia.
- Petron (Philippines). Petrol stations, has operations in Malaysia,
- Tao Kae Noi (Thailand). Dried seaweed brand. Extremely popular throughout Southeast Asia and China.
- Indomie (Indonesia). Instant noodle brand. Very popular in Malaysia and Singapore.
Long live ASEAN.
The Ming was very much interested in colonizing the world in its early period, under the Hongwu (r. 1368–98), and Yongle (r. 1402–24) emperors and briefly during the Zhengtong reign (1435–49). The dynasty was initially conceived by the peasant leader-turned-emperor Hongwu as a purely military enterprise, without reliance on the Confucian philosophy and examinations, with power flowing from the personal family-acquaintance network and security services of the Emperor. Rather than the Song tradition of a regularised, civil military, he enfeoffed his sons as dukes in antique fashion and ruled through brute force: his thirty years of rule brought all China into his power as the Mongol rule fell apart around him. Though the Confucian examinations would be eventually instituted as the means for promotion into the civil service, the identity of the dynasty would for long remain debatable, often distant from even nominal service to Confucian ideal (unlike the later Qing, who were barbarians, the early Ming were Chinese and did not feel they had something to prove by playing the good Son of Heaven to the bureaucracy).
His son Yongle took power by force (from his nephew), placed the capital in his old feudatory, and launched large-scale imperial projects in all directions, all ultimately unsuccessful. He wanted to conquer Vietnam, Manchuria and Mongolia; he was an emperor ruling “from the saddle”, not a philosopher-king. Under him the Confucianists were again sidelined, and power was handed to the eunuchs (whom his father mistrusted), men with no real education and eager to commit themselves to imperialism as a swift means to personal power, wealth and their master’s favour.
Now, I’m sure at least some modern folks are rubbing their hands at all this. This is glorious empire—replacing the West and building an indigenous global power to resist them. Well, no. The practical effect of massive and thankless prestige-driven military campaigns spanning decades, unprincipled “favourites” ruling the state by dint a despot’s whim, and the risk of extinction after military defeat (and make no mistake, “advanced” or not, China was certainly not winning most of her wars) were insalutary.
Zheng He’s maritime efforts—and I would advise students of history to take the hyperbolic measurements of his vessels with a grain of salt—were, like the rest, a basically profitless exercise. The whole point of European maritime expeditions was pursuit of private enterprise along natural economic lines. Zheng He’s efforts had no economic coherence, were pursued by an overmighty courtier, and absent any dynamic that would justify or perpetuate their existence. This is why they were abandoned.
In any case, the end to Ming territorial ambitions came when Zhengtong, who due to being raised into teen age by yet another eunuch, tried to conquer the Mongol steppe on his favourite’s advice and against all military reason: leading to the emperor’s capture, a catastrophic defeat and the near-end of the dynasty. It is little wonder colonial ambitions were subsequently shelved.
Ming dominions at the peak of Yongle’s map-painting expeditions.
無論如何，明朝與任何歐洲國家一樣從歐洲殖民主義中受益：西班牙的白銀貿易最終填滿了中國（和印度）的金庫。當西班牙帝國因經濟衰退而滅亡時，位於經濟多米諾骨牌長鏈末端的明朝也隨之滅亡。獲得遙遠土地上的領土所有權是實際國家權力的可能結果，而不是其原因。
對明朝的精彩演繹。（朋友）彼得·戈登（Peter Gordon）最近出版的一本書中解釋了明朝所享受的白銀橫財。
《銀路：中國、西屬美洲和全球化的誕生，1565-1815 年》（企鵝特輯） 《銀路：中國、西屬美洲和全球化的誕生，1565-1815 年》（企鵝特輯）：彼得·戈登、胡安·何塞·莫拉萊斯： 9780734399434：Amazon.com：書籍
中國的世界秩序只是一個幻象，不多也不少。
部長有這個嗎？
皇帝的印章，上面有五爪龍 - 五爪龍是為皇帝保留的
我不同意范凱的觀點：中國皇帝在亞洲周邊地區也擁有合法權力。
- 比如他能集結安南王國的軍隊嗎？………… 沒有 ！
Historically it has not been in China's favor to invade another East Asian country if (1) there is political unity within that country and thus no support for Chinese invasion and (2) the cost-benefit analysis is not in China's favor. We could recall how the earlier Sui dynasty invaded Goguryeo five times only to lead to its own demise (although it ravaged that country enough for the next invasion by the Tang dynasty to succeed). Or when the Yuan dynasty (a Mongolian-based dynasty) invaded Vietnam three times a lack of local support and proper tactics by the Vietnamese led to the failure on al
No Chinese empire got much further west than Samarkand in West-Central Asia. That was under the Tang, who took it as a protectorate to try to stop the advance of Islam into what were ancient Buddhist states.
The Ming stopped at what is now Xinjiang, like most Chinese dynasties.
Before modern times, only the Mongols had power simultaneously in West Asia + Europe and in China. Timur tried it but died before reaching China.
(Shaded Relief Location Map of Samarkand)
::What was the relationship between Malacca Malay Sultanate (Kesultanan Melayu Melaka, 马六甲苏丹王朝/满剌加国) and Great Ming (大明, today's China)?::
For what I’ve read, the relation was as close as it could have being between China and a tributary: the natural entrepôt that was (and is) Malacca and the renewed interest of Ming China in trade with the West, meant that they enjoyed mutually beneficial relations.
This allowed the Sultanate to become a true emporium in SEA, where merchants from the Chinese, South and South East Asian, and Arab worlds, met.
The news of the Portuguese conquest of Malacca didn’t
Mind dynasty reached its peak during 1402–1424, under the reigning of Zhu Di, Yongle Emperor.
Yongle’s came to power
He was the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of Ming dynasty. His eldest brother Zhu Biao died before their father, so Zhu Di accepted his father’s will at that time and let his nephew Zhu Yunwen (the eldest son of Zhu Biao) took the crown and became Jianwen Emperor in 1398.
Before 1402, Zhu Di was the Prince of Yan (now Beijing and the surrounding areas), but his nephew Jianwen Emperor was too afraid of his power and decided to demote and kill him. But Zhu Di survived, foug
The Chinese were very rich and powerful farmers being an agrarian society. China in most chapters of history was by far the mightiest and strongest among her neighbours and being able to vassalize many neighbouring countries. China was a massive country and with a huge population, however, this is a double-edged blade.
Due to the sheer size of China, transportation in ancient times was a logistics nightmare. It took many months to travel from an outer province to the capital, and the governors outside of the capital only ever meet the emperor once every 3 years.
In many times in Chinese history,
This is a solid question that has many facets.
1. it wasn't 500,000 armed forces: first off, we should note that the official history of the Ming intentionally glossed over this part very badly because of the obvious ugliness and also the even worst political aftermath. they wrote it to the point where it's almost as if the Emperor just went on an extensive hunting trip north.
So we need to rely on not official sources for this event, the first document we have of the # of men involved, where the 500,000 number comes from, says it's "500,000 soldier and retinues." [1] where as later once probab
The 1st Emperor HongWu who basically killed anyone crossed his way. At the end of his reign it was a shortage of officials in the court. The senior Ming officials usually had purchased their coffins in advance and bid farewell to their families before work.
In one particular case alone (the Hu Weiyong 胡惟庸 case) the Emperor HongWu executed over 30k people, including women and children.
The Yingzong Emperor 明英宗 was captured by the Mongols in a battle which caused a national crisis. He was such a swell guy who managed to become friends with Tayisung Khan during jail times. When released back t
Since ancient times, Confucianism has had an unspoken common wish: "天子垂拱而治，士大夫共治天下."
The meaning of this sentence is, "The emperor had better do nothing and let the scholars rule China."
That's right, Confucianism is actually an advocate of constitutional monarchy.
In the Song and Ming dynasties, scholars had been infinitely close to achieving this goal.
There was a cabinet in the Ming dynasty. The prime minister was actually elected by officials in Beijing. The emperor only needed to be a rubber stamp.
At the same time, early political parties appeared in China. Scholars who share the same politic
This is a classic historical record of betrayal and dishonesty in Vietnam.
In 1400 AD, a coup occurred in Vietnam, and the king was killed (the person who killed the king was the king's father-in-law),
After Hu Jiya killed the King of Vietnam, he became the king himself. Of course, the Chinese central government is not yet aware of this matter. However, the son of the former king, Hu Jiya's grandson, fled to China and requested help from the central government of China. In 1405, the central government of China sent envoys to Vietnam to question Hu Jiya whether
I'm very certain a lot of them consider Southeast Asians as Asians but it doesn't rule out the possibility there are people like these out there.
The Ming dynasty came to an end in 1644, when the capital city of Beijing was captured by a Manchu army led by Prince Dorgon, who was regent for the young emperor Shunzhi of the newly-established Qing dynasty.
The Ming dynasty had been in decline for several decades prior to its collapse. In the late 16th century, economic problems, natural disasters, and social unrest had weakened the central government's authority and led to a series of rebellions and uprisings. In addition, the Ming military had been weakened by corruption and mismanagement, making it increasingly difficult to defend against
In the competition with the 10-member ASEAN, Vietnam does not have an outstanding or unique strength against the more developed economies (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines), but has sufficient advantages to complete post-war recoveries and gradually, narrow the gaps - some will be sooner (the Philippines and Indonesia, within next decade) while others later (Thailand and Malaysia in 3, 4 decades) with Singapore remains aspirational!
These competitive advantages presently, are:
- Starting at much lower base and with a reasonably young, hard-working population, the high e
- AirAsia (Malaysia). Budget airline. Asia’s largest budget airline with flights to 27 countries and subsidiaries in Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, India, & Japan.
- Garena (Singapore). PC game platform, with operations all across Southeast and East Asia.
- Petron (Philippines). Petrol stations, has operations in Malaysia,
- Tao Kae Noi (Thailand). Dried seaweed brand. Extremely popular throughout Southeast Asia and China.
- Indomie (Indonesia). Instant noodle brand. Very popular in Malaysia and Singapore.
Long live ASEAN.
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